Carotenoids Inhibit Fructose-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Endothelial Cells and Monocytes

Figure 6

Inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the production of CXCL-10 protein in HUVECs or U937 monocytic cells induced by fructose. ECs or U937 cells were pretreated with β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene (0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM) or vehicle (control) for 2 h and then incubated with 2 mM fructose for 18 h. The protein production of CXCL-10 (a), MCP-1 (b), M-CSF (c), TNF-α (d), and IL-1β (e) was measured by ELISA in culture medium. Results are shown as the percentage of fructose-induced expression () (). ^# vs. control; vs. fructose alone.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)