Evaluating the Relationship of GDF-15 with Clinical Characteristics, Cardinal Features, and Survival in Multiple Myeloma

Table 1

Multiple regression models showing the independent predictors of serum GDF-15 among the studied patients with MM. The right-skewed variables (including GDF-15) were ln-transformed before analysis.

Independent variable	Model 1		Model 2
		value		value
SMM		0.5	Not included	-
ISS II		<0.001		0.1
ISS III		<0.001		0.2
SD/PD		0.5	Not included	-
On CTx treatment		0.012		0.07
Hemoglobin	Not included	-		0.2
ln (interleukin 6)	Not included	-		0.08
ln (cystatin C)	Not included	-		<0.001
ln (uNGAL)	Not included	-		0.002
Whole model	Adjusted	<0.001	Adjusted	<0.001

CTx: chemotherapy; ISS: International Staging System for multiple myeloma; PD: progressive disease; SD: stable disease; SMM: smoldering myeloma; uNGAL: urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.