Evaluating the Relationship of GDF-15 with Clinical Characteristics, Cardinal Features, and Survival in Multiple Myeloma

Table 2

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at baseline.

Characteristic	MM patients ()
, years
Male sex, (%)	38 (52)
Median time since diagnosis of MM (lower; upper quartile), months	36 (17; 69)
Smoldering myeloma, (%)	6 (8)
ISS stage I, (%)	40 (55)
ISS stage II, (%)	15 (21)
ISS stage III, (%)	12 (16)
Immunophenotype
IgG, (%)	52 (71)
IgA, (%)	17 (23)
IgM, (%)	1 (1)
Biclonal, (%)	2 (3)
Free light chains only, (%)	1 (1)
Nonsecretory, (%)	3 (4)
Disease state on the day of study visit
CR, (%)	22 (30)
PR, (%)	30 (41)
SD, (%)	6 (8)
PD, (%)	15 (21)
Chemotherapy on the day of study visit
On (maintenance) treatment, (%)	30 (41)
No treatment, (%)	43 (59)
Number of prior treatment schemes
No treatment, (%)	8 (11)
1, (%)	17 (23)
2, (%)	22 (30)
3 and more, (%)	26 (36)
History of auto-PBSCT, (%)	28 (38)
Bone lesions, (%)	44 (60)
History of acute kidney injury, (%)	6 (8)

CR: complete remission; Ig: immunoglobulin; ISS: International Staging System for multiple myeloma; MM: multiple myeloma; : number of patients; PBSCT: peripheral blood stem cell transplant; PD: progressive disease; PR: partial remission; SD: stable disease.