Evaluating the Relationship of GDF-15 with Clinical Characteristics, Cardinal Features, and Survival in Multiple Myeloma

Table 4

Laboratory results in MM patients as compared to control subjects.

Test	MM patients ()	Controls ()	value
GDF-15, pg/ml	1259 (863; 1934)	584 (516; 762)	<0.001
Interleukin 6, pg/ml	2.97 (1.61; 6.00)	0.58 (0.19; 1.13)	<0.001
Hepcidin 25, ng/ml	28.8 (16.5; 44.6)	27.1 (20.0; 37.3)	0.9
Serum cystatin C, ng/ml	866 (689; 1287)	963 (874; 1038)	0.5
Urine cystatin C, ng/ml	56.0 (16.3; 105.5)	46.7 (26.5; 64.3)	0.5
Urine NGAL monomer, ng/ml	12.9 (5.7; 29.1)	8.7 (4.8; 11.0)	0.08

Data are shown as median (lower; upper quartile). GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15; MM: multiple myeloma; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.