Evaluating the Relationship of GDF-15 with Clinical Characteristics, Cardinal Features, and Survival in Multiple Myeloma

Table 5

Simple and multiple Cox proportional hazard regression models to predict the two-year overall survival of the studied patients with MM.

Independent variable	Simple regression		Multiple regression
	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)	value	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)	value
ISS II or III	5.53 (1.76-17.39)	0.003	9.12 (2.05-40.72)	0.004
On CTx treatment	13.02 (2.93-57.95)	<0.001	15.02 (3.07-73.65)	<0.001
ln (GDF-15)	1.99 (0.97-4.08)	0.061	0.36 (0.12-1.04)	0.060

CTx: chemotherapy; GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15; ISS: International Staging System for multiple myeloma.