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Role | Animal | Exercise types | Results and mechanisms | Reference |
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Reducing lipid accumulation | Mice | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 6 weeks | Lipid droplets reduction, nitric oxide content ↑, total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ↑, inducible NOS ↑, endothelial NOS, inducible NOS mRNA ↑ | [37] |
Rat | Swimming; 90 min/d, 12 weeks | Serum adiponectin (ADPN) ↑, liver adiponectin receptor2 (AdipoR2) ↑, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) ↑ | [38] |
Rat | Swimming; 90 min/d, 12 weeks | p-AMPK ↑, p-AMPK/AMPK ↑ | [39] |
Mice | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 7 weeks | Liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ↓, glutathione peroxidase, SOD, liver β-oxidation ↑, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ↓, PPARα ↑, alternative oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 4A10 (CYP4A10), CYP4A12 mRNA ↑ | [40] |
Rat | Swimming; 60-90 min/d, 12 weeks | p-Protein kinase B (p-Akt) ↑, AMPK staining ↑, PPAR staining ↑, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 ↓ | [41] |
Rat | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 6 weeks | Mannosylglycoprotein N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase 1 ↓, PPARγ ↑, carbohydrate response element binding protein, SREBP-1c ↓ | [42] |
Improving insulin resistance | Mice | Treadmill exercise (HIIT) 60 min/d, 6 weeks | p-Akt ↑, fat and glucose uptake ↑, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake ↑, inflammatory factors remained stable | [43] |
Rat | Swimming; 60 min/d, 6 weeks | Serum Irisin ↑, liver PPARα ↑ | [44] |
Human | Brisk walking, tai chi; 60 min/d, 16 weeks | Serum SREBP-1c ↓, retinol binding protein 4 ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [45] |
Inhibiting inflammation | Rat | Treadmill exercise 60 min/d, 6 weeks | High-molecular-weight adiponectin ↑, Sirt-1 ↑, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ↓, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 ↓ | [46] |
Rat | Swimming; 90 min/d, 12 weeks | NF-κB ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [47] |
Mice | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 16 weeks | TNF-α ↓, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 ↓, collagen1α ↓, CD11c ↓, toll-like receptor 4 ↓ | [48] |
Rat | Swimming; 90 min/d, 12 weeks | TNF-α ↓, adiponectin mRNA ↑ | [49] |
Rat | Swimming; 90 min/d, 12 weeks | Serum ADPN ↑, liver AdipoR2 ↑, PPARα ↑ | [38] |
Strengthening cell function | Mice | Treadmill exercise; 40 min/d, 10 weeks | Liver miR33 ↑, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coa carboxylase, SREBP-1c ↓, liver autophagy-related protein 5, autophagy-related protein 7, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2, Beclin1 ↑ | [50] |
Mice | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 16 weeks | Protein dispersibility index ↓, IRE-1α, p-JNK ↓, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ↓, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) ↑ | [51] |
Rat | Wheel running; 60 min/d, 8 weeks | Mitochondrial metabolic enzyme ↑, oxygen consumption ↑, maintain mitochondrial membrane phosphatidylethanolamine | [52] |
Rat | Treadmill exercise; 60 min/d, 8 weeks | Liver mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol ↑, saturated fatty acids ↓, polyunsaturated fatty acids ↑, mitochondrial biogenesis ↑ | [53] |
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