The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Figure 2

Schematic diagram of possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of bioactive peptides derived from food proteins. The anti-inflammatory activity may be via the following four pathways: NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and PepT1. IL-1: interleukin-1; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP3K: MAPK kinase kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; JAK-STAT: Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription. This diagram was drawn using an online pathway builder tool (http://www.proteinlounge.com). Adapted from previous reports [2, 7, 10, 20, 37–41].