The Role of T Cells and Macrophages in Asthma Pathogenesis: A New Perspective on Mutual Crosstalk

Table 1

Cytokines participating in the crosstalk between T cells and macrophages.

Cytokines	Derivation	Interactions between T cells and macrophages	References
IL-1β	Macrophages	Promote CD4^+T cells, differentiate, and recruit Th2 cells	[101]..................
IL-2	Th1 cells	Enhance macrophage bactericidal capacity	[116]..................
IL-4	Th2 cells	Motivate macrophage endocytosis function	[118]..................
IL-10	Treg cells, macrophages	Reduce Th2 and Th17 cells, suppress macrophage proliferation	[110, 125]
IL-12	Macrophages	Enhance type 1 inflammation	[99]..................
IL-13	Th2 cells	Enhance M2 macrophages	[119]..................
IL-17	Th17 cells, macrophages	Mediate neutrophilic inflammation and increase macrophages	[108, 122]
IL-18	Macrophages	Drive type 2 inflammation and Th2 cell differentiation	[103]..................
IL-27	Macrophages	Suppress Th2-type inflammation	[113]..................
IL-33	Macrophages	Drive Th2-type inflammation	[104]..................
MIF	Macrophages	Activate CD4^+T cells and Th2-associated cytokines	[96]..................
GM-CSF	Th cells	Initiate macrophage activation and secretion	[115]..................
TNF-α	Th1 cells, macrophages	Enhance macrophage activation and recruitment, alleviate Th1 and Th2-associated cytokines, IgE and airway remodeling	[107, 116, 117]
IFN-γ	Th1 cells	Enhance macrophage endocytosis function	[116]..................
TGF-β	Treg cells, macrophages	Suppress macrophages and develop Treg cell proliferation	[112, 125]
TSLP	Macrophages	Stimulate Th2 cell differentiation	[102]..................
Prostaglandin	Macrophages	Act on T cells in a paracrine manner	[97]..................
LTC4	Macrophages	Modulate Th2 cells and Th2-type inflammation	[105]..................
CXCR3L	Macrophages	Gather Th1 cells	[98]..................
MMP-2	Macrophages	Downregulate Th2-type inflammation	[106]..................
Tim	T cells	Regulate macrophage vitality	[114]..................
PPARγ	Th2 cells	Increase M2 macrophages and AMs	[120]..................