Trained Innate Immunity by Repeated Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Injections Displays Long-Term Neuroprotective Effects

<div>Serum cytokine changes following LPS injection. ELISA showed increased TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, and IL-6 levels following one dose of LPS injection. However, repeated LPS injections abolished TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, and IL-6 production. 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LPS: lipopolysaccharide; NS: normal saline.</div>

Mediators of Inflammation

fig3

Figure 3

Figure 3: Trained Innate Immunity by Repeated Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Injections Displays Long-Term Neuroprotective Effects 