| | Phylum | Genus | Species | Role in health and disease | Reference |
| | Acinobacteria | Bifidobacterium | B. bifidum, B. animalis and B. longum, B. infantis, B. lactis, B. adolescentis, B. pseudocatenulatum | (i) Members of this genus have been investigated to play a beneficial role in diarrhea, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease.
(ii) They have common binding sites on epithelial cell and prevent gastrointestinal infections by competitive exclusion. | [11, 12] | | Firmicutes | Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Ruminococcus, Roseburiam, Enterococcus | C. difficile, F. prausnitzii, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii, L. bulgaricus, L. coryniformis, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, L. helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus bromii | (i) High concentrations of Lactobacillus spp. are observed in the microbiota of individuals with obesity causing dysbiosis.
(ii) Members of genus Lactobacillus can enhance the epithelial barrier, promote mucus adhesion, provide protection against invasion of pathogens, and produce antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins. | [11, 13] | | Bacteriodetes | Bacteroides, Prevotella | B. fragilis, P. copri | (i) Members of genus Bacteroides are involved in the carbohydrate metabolism.
(ii) They affect the immune function through development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and mature immune system, aid in production of antimicrobial molecules, prevent colonization by pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, and play a role in proper development of immune tolerance.
(i) Members of genus Prevotella have shown to improve glucose metabolism, produce healthy short chain fatty acids, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
(ii) Some studies show the association of Prevotella species with inflammatory conditions, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. | [11, 14, 15] | | Proteobacteria | Salmonella | S. enterica | (i) Members of this genus are intestinal pathogens implicated in gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. | [11, 16] | | Fusobacteria | Fusobacteria | F. varium | (i) Members of this genus are associated with the increased risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers and involved in pathological conditions such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). | [11, 17] | | Verrucomicrobia | Akkermansia | A. muciniphila | (i) This species is associated with intestinal health and metabolic status improvement in type 2 diabetes and obese subjects.
(ii) It demonstrates the ability to strengthen impaired gut barrier by adhering to the intestinal epithelium and enhance enterocyte monolayer integrity.
(iii) Compared to healthy individuals, A. municiphila is fewer in CD and UC patients and is thus associated with gut health. | [11, 18] |
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