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| Reference | Study aim | Population characteristics | Methods | Study outcomes |
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| [173] | To study changes in gene expression levels of B12 vitamin pathway-encoding genes post-RYGB surgery. | 20 obese women with adult-onset type 2 diabetes undergoing RYGB surgery. | Serial gastrointestinal biopsies were collected from subjects before and 3 months after surgery. Affymetrix Human GeneChip 1.0 ST microarray was used to assess gene expression levels. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) was used to validate the findings. | RYGB affected several pathway-encoding genes which may be associated with postoperative B12 deficiency. Significant changes included increased cubilin and decreased transcobalamin 1 levels. |
| [174] | To investigate the effect of obesity and RYGB surgery on the human skeletal muscle proteome. | 7 obese female subjects undergoing RYGB and 4 lean females as control subjects. | Basal muscle biopsies were obtained before and 3 months after RYGB surgery. Quantitative mass spectrometry and microarray analyses were performed on protein and RNA isolated from the muscle biopsies. | RYGB surgery had significant effects on the skeletal muscle proteome. 2,877 quantifiable proteins were identified by proteomic analysis amongst which 395 proteins were altered before surgery, and 280 proteins differed significantly postsurgery. 49 proteins returned to normal levels after surgery. |
| [175] | To evaluate the effect of diet and surgery induced weight loss on DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels. | Control group—9 normal weight women, energy-restricted Mediterranean-based dietary treatment group—22 obese women, and bariatric surgery group—14 obese women. | Anthropometric and 12-hour fasting blood sample was collected before and after 6 months of intervention from all subjects. Assessments done included lipid and glucose biomarkers, global hydroxymethylation (by ELISA), LINE-1, SERPINE-1, and IL-6 (by MS-HRM) methylation levels. | SERPINE-1 methylation and weight loss responses were associated. Increased IL-6 methylation levels after diet induced weight loss and decreased levels of the same after bariatric surgery. DNA methylation differed as per obesity treatment and may serve as a biomarker for obesity. |
| [176] | To study changes in the gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue after RYGB based on high/low insulin resistance (IR) state. | 4 morbidly obese women with high IR and 4 morbidly obese women with low IR. | Microarray analysis was used to assess subcutaneous adipose tissue samples before and 2 years after RYGB surgery. | Shared and exclusive groups of differentially expressed genes (DEG) are found in both high and low IR subjects. In high IR group, the downexpressed DEG is related to transcription regulation as well as several pathways including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cancer, chemokine signalling, etc. |
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