|
| Disease | Disease subtypes | Significant findings that involved fungi | Reference |
|
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Crohn’s disease (CD) | (i) Fungal dysbiosis is closely related to CD in most of the conducted studies | [9, 47, 84, 101–103] |
| (ii) Interkingdom interaction between fungal and bacteria was observed | [9, 47] |
|
| Inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) | — | (i) Fungal dybiosis, predominant by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans in IBS patients | [51] |
|
| Cancers | Colorectal cancer | (i) Fungal dysbiosis is observed in most of the reported studies | [109–112] |
|
| Infectious diseases | Hepatitis B | (i) High levels of Aspergillus, Candida, Galactomyces, Saccharomyces, and Chaetomium were identified | [11] |
| (ii) Richness and diversity of fungal species is associated with chronic HBV infection |
| HIV | (i) C. parvum, C. difficile, and C. albicans are significantly present in HIV-seropositive patients | [114] |
| (ii) C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis were associated with diarrhea in HIV patients | [115] |
| (iii) Fungal dysbiosis and high prevalence of Candida species were observed in HIV patients | [116] |
| (iv) Prevalence of Candida in HIV patients without antiretroviral treatment was higher than HIV patients with active antiretroviral treatment | [117] |
|
| Noncommunicable diseases | Obesity | (i) Candida, Nakaseomyces, and Penicillium genera were commonly identified in obese subjects | [119] |
| (ii) Mucor racemosus and M. fuscus were identified in nonobese patients. |
| (iii) Specific fungal composition could be potentially used to distinguish between obese and nonobese patients |
| Diabetes | (i) C. albicans is more prevalence in type 1 diabetes | [123–125] |
| (ii) C. albicans is more prevalence in type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
| (iii) No difference is found between C. albicans colonization in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. | [124] |
| (iv) Isolated fungal species from type 1 diabetes patient is more resistant towards antifungal treatment | [125] |
|
| Atherosclerosis | — | (i) Phylum Zygomycota, which consists of family Mucoraceae and genus Mucor, was negatively correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease development through carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) method | [129] |
|
| Alcoholic liver disease | — | (i) Decreased in fungal diversity along with Candida overgrowth in alcohol-dependent patients | [130] |
|
| Central nervous system diseases | Rett syndrome | (i) High abundance of Candida genus were detected | [134] |
| Autism Spectrum disorder | (i) Candida, Malassezia, Aspergillus, and Penicilliun genera were identified | [135] |
| Schizophrenia | (i) Increased levels of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans species | [136] |
| (ii) Close association of gastrointestinal tract disturbance with elevation of C. albicans species and lower cognitive score | [137] |
|
