High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Physical Function, Prevents Muscle Loss, and Modulates Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle of Cerebral Ischemic Mice

Figure 2

Amelioration of muscle wasting and motor dysfunction after exercise protocols. (a) Changes in mean values of total body weight and weight growth rate (data are expressed as the change with respect to day 0) in each group. (b) The grip strength (g) of bilateral forelimbs measured using a digital force gauge in each group (). (c) The ratio of grip strength and body weight in bilateral forelimbs in each group (). (d) Muscle mass (mg) of paretic gastrocnemius in each group (). (e) The ratio of paretic gastrocnemius mass and body weight in all groups (). (f) Time course of the latency to fall off the rotarod in the rotarod test in each group (). (g) The percentage of laterality in the cylinder test in each group (). (h, i) The percent of forelimb slips and hindlimb slips in the ladder rung walking test in each group (). (j) Motion trajectory and trajectory endpoint heat map of each mouse in the open field test (left); the total distance of motion trajectory (cm) and mean velocity (cm/s) of each mouse (right) (). Values are expressed as the of the mean. and compared with the sham group; ^# and ^## compared with the MCAO group; ⁺ and ⁺⁺ compared with the MOD group as determined by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test) for the data with normal distribution. The letters for no significance were not shown.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)