Influence of Gestational Hormones on the Bacteria-Induced Cytokine Response in Periodontitis

Table 1

Influence of sex hormones on some cells and cytokines of the immune response.

Hormone	Regulation	References
17β-estradiol	↑TCD8+ from spleen and in vitro.; ↑ maturation and activation of B lymphocytes, ↓Ig2a in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen cells.; ↓TNF-α, ↑IFN-γ e ↑IL-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleen, and in vitro.; Peritoneal Mφ ↑, TLR4 in vitro.; ↑DCs ↑IL-12 in bone marrow, in vivo.; Inhibits apoptosis by TNF-α via PI3k/Akt in neural progenitor cells.; ↓IL-1β and TNF-α in bone marrow.; [↓E2] ↑Th1, [↑E2] ↑Th2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.	[75]; [76, 77]; [78, 79]; [80]; [81]; [82]; [83]; [84]
Progesterone	↓Mφ, DCs, and NKs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ↓NFκB transduction.; ↑Th2, ↑IL-4 e ↑IL-5, ↑Tregs, and ↓TH17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	[85]; [86]; [87, 88]
Testosterona	↓LB, ↑apoptosis in bone marrow and lymph nodes.; ↑TCD8+ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.; ↑Mφ, ↑TNF-α, ↑CCR2, ↑[IL-10], and ↓IFN-γ in skin and spleen.; Mφ, ↑IL-12 e ↑IL-1β in vitro.; DCs ↓TNF-α, nitric oxide, TLR-4.; ↓IgG e IgM, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.; ↑TGF-β e ↑IGFs ↑bone apposition, ↓ IL-6 osteoclastogenesis.	[89]; [90]; [91, 92]; [93]; [94, 95]; [96]; [97, 98]