Metformin and Probiotics Interplay in Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in an In Vitro and In Vivo Model of Hepatic Injury

Figure 5

Effect of probiotic V and Met alone or together as probiotic V and Met combination on ROS production and ER stress upon the exposure to ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells by (a) fluorescence spectroscopy with excitation/emission at 495 nm/529 nm after incubation with carboxy-H₂-DCFDA and (b) mRNA expression of ER stress genes (CHOP and Grp78) in HepG2 cells. The gene expression levels were calculated after stabilizing against 18S rRNA in every sample and are presented as relative mRNA expression units. Values represent the of three individual experiments. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. Statistical analysis: ^### and ^#### compared with control group; , , and compared with ethanol group; ^A, ^BB, and ^AAAA,BBBB compared with probiotic V and Met combinatorial group.

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