Hemorrhagic Shock Induces a Rapid Transcriptomic Shift of the Immune Balance in Leukocytes after Experimental Multiple Injury

Figure 4

Selected pathways up- and downregulated by the additional hemorrhagic shock. Upregulated pathways (red) include cytokine and chemokine secretion, neutrophil chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and affect mainly the innate immune response. Signaling pathways such as the JNK, ERK1/2 and MAPK cascades, and NFκB signaling were also upregulated. Downregulated pathways (green) affect largely the adaptive immunity, such as B- and T-cell activation as well as the MHC class II protein complex.