|
| Phenotypes due to upregulation | Cancer type studied |
|
| GPCRs reported with oncogenic functions | | |
| Leucine-rich repeat-containing GPCR4 (LGR4) | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness [17] | Breast cancer |
| Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) | Tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and cancer stemness [190–192] |
| G protein-coupled receptor GPR19 | Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) [14] |
| G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER) | Cancer stemness [193] |
| G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 | Metastasis [194] |
| G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) | Cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition [16] | Colorectal cancer |
| G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor formylpeptide receptor-2 (FPR2) | Migration and proliferation, tumor growth [195] |
| Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6) | In vivo tumor growth [196] | Liver cancer |
| CC-chemokine receptor 10 (CCR10) | Proliferation [197] |
| G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 | Proliferation and tumor growth [198] | Pancreatic cancer |
| Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis [199] | Prostate cancer |
| Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) | Cell proliferation [200, 201] |
| G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) | Tumor migration and invasion [202] |
| GPCR ligands as oncogenes and their cognate receptors | | |
| R-spondins-G-coupled receptors LGR4/5/6 | Cell proliferation [203] | Breast cancer, Colon cancer |
| Estrogen-GPER1 | Proliferation, migration, and invasion [204] | Breast cancer |
| LPA-LPA receptors | Cell proliferation [205], migration and invasion [206], migration and metastasis [207, 208], cell motility and invasion [209], metabolic shift and cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype [210], metastatic | Colon cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer |
| Angiotensin II | Invasion and migration [211], cancer stemness [212], proliferation and adhesion potential [213], migration and invasion [214], proliferation, migration, and tumor growth [215] | Head and neck cancer, lung cancer, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer |
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