| | Cancer type studied |
| | Alteration in G proteins | | | Mutations in Gα protein (GNAS, GNAQ, and GNA11) [27] | Appendiceal tumors (20%), breast cancer (16.40%), colorectal cancer (12.7%), lung cancer (10.9%), hematologic cancers (9.10%), melanoma (excluding ocular) (7.3%), and gastrointestinal cancer (excluding appendiceal and colorectal) (7.3%) | | Mutations in Gβ protein (GNB1 and GNB2) [28] | Bladder cancer, breast cancer, hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, uterine cancer | | GNAL [4] | Endometrial cancer, large intestine cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer | | GNG12 [4] | Lung cancer | | GNA13 [4] | Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies, kidney cancer, large intestine cancer, lung cancer | | GNA14 [4] | Endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, large intestine cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer | | Alterations in GRKs | | | GRK2 | Medulloblastoma [216], gallbladder cancer [217] | | GRK3 | Prostate cancer [218, 219], colon cancer [220], breast cancer [221] | | GRK4 | Breast cancer [222] | | GRK5 | Breast cancer [223], non-small-cell lung cancer [224], prostate cancer [225, 226], renal cell carcinoma [227], glioblastoma [228] | | GRK6 | Colorectal carcinoma [229], papillary thyroid carcinoma [230], medulloblastoma [231] |
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