Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Exploring the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Glycyrrhizic and Glycyrrhetinic Acids

Table 1

Shows the explicit effect of GL or GA on various immune/inflammatory factors.
Immune/inflammatory factorsTypeEffect of GL/GACitations
InflammationVEGFInhibitory[40]
ICAM-1Inhibitory[40]
GM-CSFInhibitory[40]
GRO/KCInhibitory[40]
PLA2/ARAInhibitory[36, 41, 42]
MMP-9Inhibitory[41, 43]
STAT-3Inhibitory[45–47]
STAT-6Inhibitory[45–47]
pADRInhibitory[45–47]
NTSInhibitory[45–47]
PMNInhibitory[45–47]
SODFacilitatory[41, 44]
GSH-PxFacilitatory[41, 44]
TGF-βFacilitatory[25]
Dendritic cells (DCs)T-cellFacilitatory[4]
Th1Facilitatory[4]
Th2Facilitatory[25]
Nuclear factor-κB—Inhibitory[6, 20, 62–65]
IKKInhibitory[56]
ChemokinesCXCL10Inhibitory[20, 30, 70, 71]
CCL5Inhibitory[20, 30, 70, 71]
CCL11Inhibitory[39, 76–78]
InterferonsIFN-γFacilitatory[85–89]
CyclooxygenaseCOX-1——
COX-2Inhibitory[25, 65, 98]
InterleukinsIL-1Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-2Facilitatory[4, 9, 106]
IL-3Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-4Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-5Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-6Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-10Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-12Inhibitory[4, 8, 104–106]
IL-13Inhibitory[8, 104–106]
IL-18Inhibitory[8, 104–106, 111]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase—Inhibitory[6, 115, 116, 141]
p38MAPKInhibitory[6, 115, 116]
ERKInhibitory[45]
JNKInhibitory
Nitric oxideiNOSInhibitory[45]
eNOS——
nNOS——
Toll-like receptorsTLR-3Inhibitory[131–134]
TLR-4Inhibitory[131–134, 141]
TLR-7Inhibitory[131–134]
TLR-9Inhibitory[131–134]
TLR-10Inhibitory[131–134]
High-mobility group box 1—Inhibitory[141, 142]