(i) Significantly increased levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-25 in SLE patients with and without LN (ii) Significantly reduced levels of IL-5 and IL-6 (iii) No significant difference was observed with IL-13 (iv) Level of IL-4 was undetectable (v) IL-25, IL-9, and IL-10 were positively correlated with the disease severity score
(i) Significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in SLE (ii) Lower levels of IL-4 in SLE (iii) No significant differences in (TNF-α+IL-6+IL-1β) profile
(i) In HC: levels of IFN-γ were highest, followed by TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4 (ii) In SLE patients: levels of TNF-α were highest, followed by IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4 (iii) IL-10 and IL-4 correlated negatively, and IFN-γ and TNF-α correlated positively with the SLEDAI scores
166 SLE patients/167 DC (90 with RA and 77 with AS) and 40 HC
Serum
IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ
ELISA
(i) SLE patients had higher IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ levels, but lower IL-2, than HC (ii) Levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in active SLE patients and correlated with the SLE activity index (SLEDAI)
(i) Higher serum IL-18 in SLE (ii) High IFN-γ with low IL-4 expression in SLE patients with LN (iii) A positive correlation between serum IL-18 and IFN-γ levels
(i) Elevated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in SLE (ii) Increased levels of IL-12p70 coincided with increased levels of IL-10 in SLE patients (iii) A significant relationship between IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1 β and disease activity
40 SLE patients (17 with LN and 23 without LN)/80 HC
Serum
IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10
ELISA
(i) Significantly higher levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 in SLE patients than HC (ii) Significantly lower levels of serum IL-12 and IFN-γ in patients with LN compared to those without (iii) Significantly higher levels of serum IL-10 in patients with LN compared to those without
(i) Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-6 were increased in SLE patients (ii) Serum IL-10 levels correlated with the titer of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the patients
27 LN patients (15 with active LN and 12 with inactive)/17 HC
Urine
IL-6, IL-8, IL-2R, and β2M
ELISA
(i) The urinary excretions of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with active LN than in those with inactive LN and HC (ii) The urinary β2M excretion in LN patients was significantly higher than that in HC