70 SLE patients (with or without PD)/70 HC (with or without PD)
IL-33, IL-17A, IL-6
ELISA/cytometric bead array
(i) Significantly higher salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17A in SLE-PD compared to HC-PD (ii) Lower levels of IL-33 in SLE-non-PD compared to HC-non-PD (iii) The PD significantly increased the levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-33 in saliva of SLE patients compared to SLE-non-PD (iv) Periodontitis seemed to affect SLE individuals earlier
(i) Significantly higher salivary levels of IL-6 in SLE patients (ii) Salivary IL-6 levels highly correlated with the serum IL-6 levels in SLE patients
52 SLE patients (with or without PD)/52 HC (with or without PD)
IL-6, IL-17, IL-33, TNF-α, and IFN-γ
(i) Flow cytometer (ii) ELISA
(i) Significantly increased saliva levels of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-33 in SLE-PD compared to HC-PD (ii) Changes in the oral microbiota were linked to increased local inflammation, as demonstrated by higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-33 in SLE-PD patients
60 SLE patients (30 with and 30 without PD)/54 HC (27 with and 27 without PD)
IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6
Automatic analyzer MAGPIX system
(i) Higher salivary levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-4 in SLE even in the absence of PD (ii) Higher salivary levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in HC-PD compared to SLE-PD and SLE-non-PD (iii) IL-1β and IL-4 salivary levels were positively correlated with periodontal status indicating their potential as markers of the amount and extent of periodontal damage in SLE patients
