The Signaling Pathway of PGE₂ and Its Regulatory Role in T Cell Differentiation

Figure 3

Regulation of T cell subsets by PGE₂. PGE₂ activates the differentiation of Th1 cells by decreasing the levels of cAMP; PGE₂ can enhance the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in CD4⁺ T cell culture and regulates CD4⁺ T cell polarization towards Th2 cells; PGE₂ promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into Th17 cells via the EP2 or EP4 receptor and cAMP pathway; PGE₂ may promote Tfh differentiation; PGE₂ suppresses the EP/cAMP/PKA pathway and inhibits Treg cell differentiation; PGE₂ inhibits the antiviral activity of CTLs and the survival of patients receiving cancer immunotherapy.