Ocular TGF-β, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and TIMP-1 Increase with the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Patient baseline characteristics.
Healthy controls ()
Non-apparent DR ()
Mild/moderate NPDR ()
Advanced NPDR/PDR ()
value
Age (years; )
0.14
Gender F (%)
16 (94.1)
11 (47.8)
6 (46.2)
7 (50)
0.01
Duration of diabetes (years; )
N/A
0.50
Medication (, %)
Insulin
0
8 (34.8)
8 (61.5)
10 (71.4)
0.09
Metformin
0
15 (65.2)
7 (53.8)
7 (50)
0.62
Statin
0
16 (69.6)
8 (61.5)
6 (42.9)
0.32
Fibrate
0
1 (4.3)
1 (7.7)
0 (0)
0.59
Sartane
0
15 (65.2)
7 (53.8)
10 (71.4)
0.59
DR: diabetic retinopathy; : sample size; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SD: standard deviation; F: females. Significant difference between healthy controls and all three of the DR groups.
