Neuroinflammation: An Integrating Overview of Reactive-Neuroimmune Cell Interactions in Health and Disease

Figure 4

Hypoxic and nonhypoxic inflammation and neuroimmune interactions involved in the prohemostatic response in the CNS. Brain parenchyma, the functional tissue, comprises neurons and glia cells. Brain damage or trauma often leads to cognitive deterioration and/or motor disability with parenchyma structural alterations and eventual cell death. Triggering (1) nonhypoxic and (2) hypoxic reactive inflammation might subserve functional postinjury recovery. Oxidative stress by a high oxygen level induces a compensatory antioxidant response to cut out damage progression. At the other end, hypoxia (hypoxic stress) by a low oxygen level upregulates pathways involved in boosting the oxygen supply. In any case, a fault in oxygen homeostasis draws inflammation with immune cell infiltrates and resident glial cells to restore homeostasis. Light-blue arrow: regulation; red arrow: stimulation.