Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Review about Innate Immune Response and Current Therapeutic Applications

Table 1

Major roles of resident or recruited innate immune cells in the inflammatory phase.

Cells	Major role	Inflammatory mediators	References
Keratinocytes	Primary defense; Release of alarmins and AMPs	MCP-1; IL1β, GM-CSF, TNF-α	[11]
Langerhans cells	Monitoring the presence of infection and damage within the epidermis; Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)	IL2; IL-12, IL-23; IL-10	[9]
Dendritic cells	Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) priming naïve T cells	TNF-α, CXCL-10, IL-6	[12]
Mast cells	Vasodilation; Source of inflammatory mediators; Neutrophil recruitment	Histamine; Leukotrienes; Prostaglandins; Proteases; Cytokines	[13]; [14]
Neutrophils	Phagocytosis and digestion of bacteria, pathogens, and tissue debris	Proteases; TNF-α; IL1-α and β	[15]; [16]
Monocytes/; Macrophages M1; Macrophages M2	Efferocytosis; Phagocytosis/secretion of proinflammatory cytokines; Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines/promote repair; Revascularization and wound reepithelialization	TNF/IL-6/IL-1β; IL10/IL-1RII; PDGF/FGF/VEGF, TGF-β/TGF-α	[17]; [18]; [19]
NK	Cytotoxic against bacteria, viruses, and senescent cells; Immunoregulatory cells	IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL10	[20]; [21]; [22]
iNKT	Immunoregulatory cells	IFN-γ, IL-4	[23]
ILC2	Activation of macrophage M2	IL-5, IL-13	[24]