Exosome in Crosstalk between Inflammation and Angiogenesis: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Stroke

Figure 2

Summary of the exosomes in crosstalk between inflammation and angiogenesis. The red arrow represents regulation of inflammatory response, the yellow arrow represents regulation of angiogenesis, and the blue arrow represents general regulation. Exosomes from different sources carry miRNAs and other contents that affect central nervous system cells and simultaneously regulate inflammation and angiogenesis through different signals. The balance between inflammation and angiogenesis is also influenced by many factors following stroke, including the pathological stage of stroke, the signal received, and the dose of therapeutic substances. Abbreviations: MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; EPC: endothelial progenitor cell; ADSC: adipose-derived stem cell; NPC: neural progenitor cell; IONP: iron oxide nanoparticles; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; Ang-1: Angiogenin 1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; TRPM7: transient receptor potential cation channel member 7; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; LCN2: lipocalin 2; IRAK1: IL-1 receptor-associated kinases 1; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; AKT: protein kinase B; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; IGF: insulin-like growth factor (IGF); SPRED1: sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1; VCAM1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1