TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story

Figure 4

The history of Toll-like receptors and their signaling: summarized timeline of discoveries. Abbreviations: CpG-DNA: cytosine-phosphate-guanine-deoxyribo-nucleic acid; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; ssRNA: single-stranded ribonucleic acid; TIRAP: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein; TLR4/5/7/8/9: Toll-like receptor 4/5/7/8/9; TRAM: TRIF-related adaptor molecule.