Comparison of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Incentive Spirometry, on Diaphragm Excursion and Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of subjects undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery.

Variables	Intervention groups			Control group; ()	value; (<0.05)
	Diaphragmatic breathing exercise; ()	Flow incentive spirometry; ()	Volume incentive spirometry; ()
Age (years); (mean ± SD)	41.8 ± 13.6	49.5 ± 16.1	45.5 ± 15.3	46.2 ± 16.4	0.055; NS
Gender () M : F	47 : 18	37 : 28	33 : 32	40 : 25
Height (cm); (mean ± SD)	166.8 ± 11.6	165.0 ± 11.1	163.7 ± 10.0	163.5 ± 9.9	0.268; NS
Weight (kg); (mean ± SD)	65.2 ± 12.5	63.8 ± 12.6	62.7 ± 19.7	60.2 ± 12.3	0.266; NS
BMI (mean ± SD)	23.3 ± 3.3	23.0 ± 4.9	23.4 ± 6.1	22.5 ± 3.5	0.660; NS
H/o of smoking	3	2	3	1
H/o of cardiac disease	1	2	2	2
H/o of hypertension	6	9	6	3
H/o of diabetes	2	3	5	7
H/o of asthma	1	Nil	1	3
Duration of surgery (Hrs)	1.78 ± 0.67	1.89 ± 0.59	1.76 ± 0.66	1.80 ± 0.53	0.63; NS
⁢Type of laparoscopic abdominal surgery					Total number
Cholecystectomy	28	39	44	29	140
Hernioplasty	14	15	11	13	53
Umbilical hernia repair	5	1	2	3	11
Appendectomy	16	6	6	15	43
Laparoscopic diagnostic	2	1	Nil	5	8
Bariatric surgery	Nil	1	2	Nil	3
Hemicolectomy	Nil	2	Nil	Nil	2