Research Article

Prediction of Muscle Fatigue during Minimally Invasive Surgery Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis

Table 1

MIS operations from which EMG data was collected.

SubjectLap #Completion time (min)Description

Surgeon 1Lap 196Ventral hernia repair
Lap 2113Cholecystectomy
Lap 3132Inguinal hernia repair

Surgeon 2Lap 155Sleeve gastrectomy
Lap 266Sleeve gastrectomy
Lap 3128Sleeve gastrectomy

Surgeon 3Lap 1131Heller myotomy, Dor fundoplication, and liver biopsy
Lap 2152Ventral hernia repair
Lap 3171Paraesophageal hernia repair

Surgeon 4Lap 1122Sleeve gastrectomy
Lap 2101Inguinal hernia repair
Lap 388Sleeve gastrectomy

Surgeon 5Lap 171Heller myotomy
Lap 2116Ventral hernia repair
Lap 3144Cholecystectomy

Ventral hernia repair: the hernia is repaired by mesh or sutures entered through instruments placed into small incisions in the abdomen. Cholecystectomy: to remove the gallbladder using several small incisions. Inguinal hernia repair: to repair a hernia in the abdominal wall of the groin. Sleeve gastrectomy: to remove a large portion of the stomach to help with weight loss. Heller myotomy: to treat the achalasia by cutting the muscles of the cardia to allow food and liquid to pass to the stomach. Dor fundoplication: to prevent reflux from the stomach into the esophagus by partially wrapping the stomach around the esophagus. Paraesophageal hernia repair: the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus is closed to prevent the stomach from reherniating, and then the fundoplication is performed to keep the stomach from herniating back into the chest cavity.