Research Article
Enhancing the Security of Personal Identification Numbers with Three-Dimensional Displays
Table 1
Comparison of PIN-entry methods for 4-digit PINs.
| | Method | Channel | Authentication time (s) | Error (%) | PB | PS |
| | Regular PIN pad | — | <3 | Approx. 0 | 1/10,000 | Approx. 1.0 |
| | Undercover [11] | Haptic | 32–45 | >31.5 | 1/20,480 | 1/20,480 |
| | VibraPass [12] | Haptic | 3.9–8.2 | >14.8 | 1/10,000 | 1/70–1/5 |
| | Haptic Wheel [13] | Haptic | 23.0 | 16.4 | 1/15,625 | 1/15,625 |
| |
Phone Lock [9] | Haptic | 28.2 | 10.4 (+5.6) | 1/10,000 | 1/10,000 | | Audio | 12.2 | 4.8 (+6.9) | 1/10,000 | 1/10,000 |
| |
Spinlock [10] | Haptic | 13.9–20.1 | 8.3 (+62.3) | <1/10,000 | <1/10,000 | | Audio | 10.8–16.9 | 3.3 (+64.0) | <1/10,000 | <1/10,000 |
| | 3DPIN | 3D | 10.6 | 5.0 | 1/10,000 | 1/10,000 |
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