Individuals are withdrawn and inactive. They do not look for an exit, adding to their both own risk and that of others, as they block exits and escape ways and interrupt the evacuation flow.
Queuing behavior
People self-organize queues to get to the exits; the crowd streams out in an orderly way. Queuing behavior does not lead to blockages, but to a more effective evacuation.
Herding behavior
People evacuate a room through one obstructed exit, while other exits are not fully utilized. This is typical behavior of individuals who are uncertain about what to do and decide to follow others.
Competitive behavior
Individuals compete to exit, violate the personal space of others, and do not respect social structures and rules.
Curiosity behavior
People move closer to the threat, do not take any protective action, take photos and discuss the situation with other curious individuals. This phenomenon is known as “disaster tourism.”
Altruistic behavior
People help other individuals during the evacuation, especially when the other person is impaired. People observing the willingness of others to help also tend more towards helping. People believe they are following social norms or are being ethical by helping others in need.
Leader-following behavior
People tend to follow others of a higher hierarchical rank during an evacuation. Sometimes a leader emerges when the situation is uncertain to many people.
