Smart Contract-Based Cross-Domain Authentication and Key Agreement System for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Table 1

Comparison of some related protocols.

Protocols in references	Technology	Strengths	Weaknesses
[3]	Symmetric key	Low in complexity and easy to implement	High complexity of system management and low scalability
[4]	Bridge CA	Flexible authentication	High computation and communication overhead; requiring trusted third party
[5]	Identity-based cryptography	Without public key certification	The same PKG; low scalability
[6, 7]	Identity proxy signatures
[8]	Key agreement	Different PKG; without public key certification	High computation overhead
[9]
[10, 11]	Paring free key agreement
[12]	Certificateless authentication key agreement	Without public key certification	Complex cryptographic operations
[13]	Group signature algorithm	Anonymous cross-domain authentication	Complex cryptographic operations
[14]	(t, n) shared secret key
[15]	Group key management
[16, 19, 20]	ECC	Anonymous multifactor authentication	Complex cryptographic operations
[17]	Asymmetric bivariate polynomial	Low communication cost
[18]	Biohashing function	Multifactor and lightweight authentication	High communication cost
[22, 23]	Blockchain	Efficient key management	User privacy leakage
[24]		Privacy protection	High computation overhead
[25]		Low communication cost
[26]		Cross-domain authentication