Mobile Positioning Techniques and Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Table 5

List of positioning techniques.

Category	Description	Techniques
Proximity	The closest objects are collocated with the base station	Cell ID
		Cell ID with sectors
		Cell ID with TA or RSS
		Cell ID with sectors or TA or RSS
RSS	The RSS is measured and then translated into a coordinate system	Trilateration
		Fingerprinting
Time	The measured time of the signal propagation is converted into the relative distance	TOA
		RTT
		TDOA
Angle of arrival	The incident angle of the signal wave is measured and then computed to find the location of the receiver	Triangulation
Sensor	Take the readings of inertial sensors from smartphones to find the position of user	Dead reckoning
		Identification of landmarks