Mobile Positioning Techniques and Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Table 6

Comparison of positioning techniques with key defined parameters.

Techniques		Parameters
		Accuracy		Precision	Load	Scalability	Flexibility	CD processing	Heterogeneity	Orientation	Trajectory
		Indoor	Outdoor
Proximity	Cell ID	Room scale	Cell size(CS)	L	L	H	M	C	H	—	—
	Cell ID with sectors	—	Sector size (SS)	—	L	H	M	C	H	—	—
	Cell ID with TA or RSS	—	(CS/4)	—	L	H	M	C	H	—	—
	Cell ID with sectors or TA or RSS	—	(SS/4)	—	L	H	M	C	H	—	—
RSS	Trilateration	—	≤30 m	L	M		L	C or D	NH	—	—
	Fingerprinting	≤9 m	—	H	M	L	L	C	NH	—	Y
Time	TOA	≤15 m	≤300 m	H	L	H	L	C	—	—	—
	RTT	—	≤180 m	H	L	M	L	C	—	—	—
	TDOA	≤5 m	≤150 m	H	L	M	L	C	—	—	—
Angle of arrival	Triangulation	—	≤70 m	M	M		L	C	—	—	—
Sensor	Dead reckoning	≤10 m	—	M	H	—	M	C or D	—	Y	Y
	Identification of landmarks	≤10 m	—	—	—	—	—	C or D	—	—	—