Towards the Design of Context-Aware Adaptive User Interfaces to Minimize Drivers’ Distractions

Table 1

The proposed list of adaptation rules used to generate an adaptive user interface for drivers.

Term	Event	Condition	Action(s)
Driving status	Driving is detected	Smartphone has a default user interface.	The interface will be changed to the driving mode.
			Divide user interface into sections.
			Assign priorities to each activity.
			High-priority activity will be highlighted (high-contrast color and large font size).
Speed	Low speed	The smartphone is in driving mode.	Change the smartphone to moderate modality.
			Change the default keyboard to the simplified layout.
			Allow reading short messages.
			Avoid reading lengthy messages.
			Divide the SMS reply into categories and choose an option.; (i) Standard reply (I’m driving).; (ii) Personal reply (you have an option to write a message by yourself).; (iii) Fun reply (friends-may be skipped).
			Auto-reply of SMS for unknown contact.
			Display contact list in large font size.
			Use navigation by voice.
			Dialer digits in large font size.
	Medium speed	Smartphone mode of interaction is in low-speed modality.	Change the smartphone to severe modality mode.
			Divide the SMS reply into categories and choose an option.; (i) Standard reply (I’m driving).; (ii) Personal reply (you have an option to write a message by yourself).; (iii) Fun reply (friends-may be skipped).
			Auto-cancelled lengthy messages.
			SMS/e-mail and WhatsApp reading through voice if no noise and other occupants are detected.
			Making calls, searching call log, and search contact number through voice.
			Allow listening to audio (e.g., music).
			Block watching the videos.
	High speed	Smartphone mode of interaction is in high-speed modality.	Change the smartphone into profound modality mode.; (i) SMS: auto reply.; (ii) Navigation: voice (top priority in case the route is unknown); however, not loading the navigation activity on a familiar route.; (iii) An auto reply of SMS and e-mail to a nonfamily number and those who are not specified in the list.; (iv) Allow listening to audio (e.g., music, etc.).; (v) Stop audio tuning and selection.; (vi) Block watching the videos.; (vii) Stop Internet/web browsing.
Noisy environment	Environment is noisy	The vocal modality used for interaction.	The applications change to the graphical modality.
			Allow reading short messages with a large font size.
			Digits in dialer will be in large font size.
			Display contact list in large font size.
Location	Familiar place	The place has been visited for the last five times.	Hide navigation activity.
	Nonfamiliar/little familiar places	First visited location.	Show navigation activity.
Light	Low light	The interface is in normal mode.	The interface should change to night mode.
	High light	The interface is in night mode.	Normal mode.
Interaction	Interaction problem	User is not maintaining attention.	Only contents of one application will be displayed in the user interface at a time.