Research Article
Towards the Design of Context-Aware Adaptive User Interfaces to Minimize Drivers’ Distractions
Table 5
Categorized cross test statistics.
| | Variables | Variables categories | Cell percentages | Cell likelihood Chi2 | | Definitely not | Possibly | Probably | Very probably | Definitely | Definitely not | Possibly | Probably | Very probably | Definitely | | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M |
| | Attitude | ATTD1 | 2.15 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 6.45 | 1.08 | 18.28 | 4.30 | 26.88 | 5.38 | 33.33 | 7.6 | 0.00 | 2.0 | −1.5 | −2.0 | 3.6 | −0.7 | 0.7 | −0.8 | 0.8 | | ATTD2 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 4.30 | 3.23 | 20.43 | 8.60 | 34.41 | 1.08 | 23.66 | 1.6 | −1.0 | 0.6 | −0.5 | −0.6 | 0.6 | 4.5 | −3.8 | −2.5 | 5.2 | | ATTD3 | 2.15 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 10.75 | 3.23 | 27.96 | 1.08 | 40.86 | 8.60 | 40.86 | 4.8 | −2.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.6 | −2.0 | −2.8 | 6.5 | 2.3 | −2.1 | | ATTD4 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 15.05 | 4.30 | 27.96 | 8.60 | 38.71 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | −0.7 | 0.8 | −1.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | −2.7 | | Intention to use | ITU1 | — | — | 2.15 | 13.98 | 4.30 | 18.28 | 5.38 | 22.58 | 3.23 | 30.11 | — | — | −0.5 | 0.5 | 1.9 | −1.6 | 2.4 | −2.1 | −2.7 | 3.4 | | ITU2 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 6.45 | 24.73 | 5.38 | 31.18 | 2.15 | 25.81 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.6 | −1.0 | 3.8 | −3.2 | −0.2 | 0.2 | −2.7 | 4.0 | | ITU3 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 4.30 | 3.23 | 13.98 | 7.53 | 29.03 | 2.15 | 36.56 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.2 | −1.9 | 1.3 | −1.2 | 4.4 | −3.6 | −4.0 | 7.2 | | ITU4 | — | — | 3.23 | 1.08 | 4.30 | 10.75 | 3.23 | 32.26 | 4.30 | 40.86 | — | — | 9.6 | −2.4 | 5.1 | −3.5 | −3.0 | 4.1 | −3.7 | 4.8 | | Perceived usefulness | PDU1 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 4.30 | 1.08 | 16.13 | 6.45 | 41.94 | 6.45 | 20.43 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | −0.5 | −1.8 | 3.0 | −1.5 | 1.6 | 5.6 | −4.2 | | PDU2 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 5.38 | 2.15 | 20.43 | 5.38 | 33.33 | 6.45 | 38.71 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | −0.5 | −1.4 | 1.8 | 0.7 | −0.7 | 1.2 | −1.2 | | PDU3 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 3.23 | 16.13 | 3.23 | 18.28 | 3.23 | 30.11 | 4.30 | 33.33 | 2.4 | −1.1 | 1.7 | −1.4 | 1.0 | −0.9 | −2.0 | 2.5 | −1.2 | 1.4 | | PDU4 | 0.00 | 8.60 | 3.23 | 11.83 | 0.00 | 13.98 | 5.38 | 11.83 | 6.45 | 38.71 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | −1.7 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 7.3 | −4.7∗∗∗ | −0.6 | 0.6 | | PDU5 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 10.75 | 6.45 | 21.51 | 4.30 | 22.58 | 4.30 | 29.03 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 5.1 | −4.0 | 0.5 | −0.5 | −1.2 | 1.4 | | PDU6 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 18.28 | 5.38 | 29.03 | 4.30 | 34.41 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | −0.7 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | −0.4 | −2.4 | 2.9 | | U&L | UAL1 | — | — | 0.00 | 2.15 | 4.30 | 22.58 | 7.53 | 35.48 | 3.23 | 24.73 | — | — | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.5 | −0.5 | 2.1 | −1.9 | −1.6 | 1.9 | | UAL2 | — | — | 4.30 | 2.15 | 7.53 | 9.68 | 2.15 | 36.56 | 1.08 | 36.56 | — | — | 11.9 | −3.7 | 14.9 | −7.4 | −4.0 | 7.2 | −3.3 | 9.1 | | Operability | OPT1 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 2.15 | 9.68 | 4.30 | 17.20 | 3.23 | 32.26 | 5.38 | 22.58 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | −0.7 | 2.3 | −1.9 | −3.0 | 4.1 | 2.4 | −2.1 | | OPT2 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 8.60 | 1.08 | 22.58 | 8.60 | 34.41 | 4.30 | 17.20 | 0.0 | 0.7 | −0.6 | 0.7 | −2.4 | 4.9 | 4.5 | −3.8 | 2.3 | −1.9 | | OPT3 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 6.45 | 4.30 | 21.51 | 7.53 | 34.41 | 1.08 | 20.43 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 | −1.5 | 0.8 | −0.8 | 2.5 | −2.2 | −2.2 | 4.3 | | OPT4 | — | — | 2.17 | 8.70 | 4.35 | 15.22 | 5.43 | 32.61 | 3.26 | 28.26 | — | — | 1.1 | −0.9 | 3.0 | −2.4 | −0.6 | 0.7 | −2.3 | 2.9 | | OPT5 | — | — | 1.09 | 2.17 | 1.09 | 13.04 | 10.87 | 32.61 | 2.17 | 36.96 | — | — | 1.6 | −1.0 | −1.4 | 2.0 | 9.9 | −7.4 | −4.0 | 7.3 | | OPT6 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 6.45 | 12.90 | 4.30 | 41.94 | 4.30 | 25.81 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 9.5 | −5.8 | −3.9 | 5.1 | −0.4 | 0.4 | | OPT7 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.00 | 13.19 | 4.40 | 15.38 | 6.59 | 28.57 | 3.30 | 27.47 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 3.5 | −2.7 | 3.3 | −2.8 | −1.7 | 2.0 | | OPT8 | 1.08 | 6.45 | 1.08 | 16.13 | 4.30 | 16.13 | 3.23 | 12.90 | 5.38 | 33.33 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −1.8 | 3.0 | 2.7 | −2.2 | 1.7 | −1.4 | −0.8 | 0.8 | | OPT9 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 4.30 | 11.83 | 2.15 | 16.13 | 4.30 | 27.96 | 4.30 | 27.96 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 4.6 | −3.2 | −1.0 | 1.1 | −1.0 | 1.0 | −1.0 | 1.0 | | OPT10 | 0.00 | 3.26 | 0.00 | 3.26 | 1.09 | 15.22 | 6.52 | 28.26 | 7.61 | 34.78 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | −1.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | −2.2 | 2.3 | −2.1 | | OPT11 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 4.30 | 17.20 | 4.30 | 33.33 | 5.38 | 33.33 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 2.3 | −1.9 | −2.2 | 2.6 | −0.8 | 0.8 | | Ease of use | EOU1 | — | — | 1.08 | 5.38 | 1.08 | 19.35 | 3.23 | 32.26 | 9.68 | 27.96 | — | — | 0.2 | −0.2 | −2.1 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 4.1 | −9.6 | −7.0 | | EOU2 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 19.35 | 5.38 | 26.88 | 3.23 | 34.41 | 2.4 | −1.1 | 3.9 | −2.1 | −0.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | −1.0 | −3.4 | 4.7 | | EOU3 | — | — | 0.00 | 3.23 | 5.38 | 21.51 | 4.30 | 29.03 | 5.38 | 31.18 | — | — | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.8 | −2.4 | −1.2 | 1.4 | −0.2 | 0.2 | | EOU4 | — | — | 2.15 | 5.38 | 0.00 | 13.98 | 4.30 | 30.11 | 8.60 | 35.48 | — | — | 2.6 | −1.7 | 0.0 | 4.2 | −1.5 | 1.7 | 4.2 | −3.6 | | EOU5 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 9.68 | 1.08 | 13.98 | 8.60 | 22.58 | 4.30 | 37.63 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.8 | 1.0 | −1.5 | 2.3 | 9.7 | −6.7 | −3.1 | 3.8 | | EOU6 | 0.00 | 4.30 | 2.15 | 4.30 | 3.23 | 23.66 | 3.23 | 26.88 | 6.45 | 25.81 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 3.2 | −1.9 | −1.4 | 1.6 | −2.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 | −2.9 | | EOU7 | 1.08 | 5.38 | 0.00 | 7.53 | 3.23 | 16.13 | 5.38 | 21.51 | 5.38 | 34.41 | 0.2 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.6 | −0.6 | 2.8 | −2.4 | −1.1 | 1.2 | | EOU8 | — | — | 1.08 | 5.38 | 5.38 | 10.75 | 1.08 | 22.58 | 7.53 | 46.24 | — | — | 0.2 | −0.2 | 7.9 | −4.8 | −2.4 | 4.9 | −1.0 | 1.1 | | System usability scale (SUS) | SUS1 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 3.23 | 13.98 | 2.15 | 15.05 | 5.38 | 22.58 | 3.23 | 31.18 | 1.6 | −1.0 | 1.3 | −1.2 | −0.7 | 0.8 | 2.4 | −2.1 | −2.8 | 3.8 | | SUS2 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 17.20 | 1.08 | 6.45 | 1.08 | 9.68 | 10.75 | 49.46 | 0.0 | 0.7 | −1.2 | 1.5 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −0.8 | 1.0 | 3.4 | −3.1 | | SUS3 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 2.15 | 9.68 | 3.23 | 15.05 | 4.30 | 21.51 | 4.30 | 37.63 | 2.4 | −1.1 | 0.8 | −0.7 | 1.0 | −0.9 | 0.8 | −0.8 | −3.1 | 3.8 | | SUS4 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 7.53 | 8.60 | 17.20 | 2.15 | 30.11 | 2.15 | 29.03 | 2.4 | −1.1 | −0.4 | 0.4 | 12.7 | −7.8 | −3.3 | 5.3 | −3.1 | 5.0 | | SUS5 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 2.15 | 12.90 | 3.23 | 22.58 | 0.00 | 10.75 | 8.60 | 35.48 | 1.0 | −0.7 | −0.2 | 0.2 | −1.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 4.2 | −3.6 | | SUS6 | 1.08 | 5.38 | 0.00 | 5.38 | 4.30 | 10.75 | 5.38 | 29.03 | 4.30 | 34.41 | 0.2 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 5.1 | −3.5 | 0.4 | −0.4 | −2.4 | 2.9 | | SUS7 | — | — | 0.00 | 3.23 | 4.30 | 20.43 | 5.38 | 32.26 | 5.38 | 29.03 | — | — | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | −1.1 | −0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | −0.4 | | Minimal memory load | MML1 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 11.83 | 6.45 | 19.35 | 3.23 | 21.51 | 4.30 | 31.18 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −1.2 | 1.7 | 6.1 | −4.5 | −0.9 | 0.9 | −1.7 | 2.0 | | MML2 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 5.38 | 3.23 | 17.20 | 2.15 | 31.18 | 8.60 | 29.03 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | −0.2 | 0.3 | −0.3 | −3.4 | 5.6 | 6.7 | −5.2 | | MML3 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 7.53 | 4.30 | 15.05 | 3.23 | 26.88 | 6.45 | 33.33 | 0.0 | 0.7 | −0.4 | 0.4 | 3.1 | −2.5 | −2.0 | 2.5 | 0.9 | −0.9 | | MML4 | — | — | 1.08 | 7.53 | 3.23 | 18.28 | 4.30 | 20.43 | 6.45 | 38.71 | — | — | −0.4 | 0.4 | −0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | −1.1 | −0.6 | 0.6 | | MML5 | — | — | 2.15 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 22.58 | 3.23 | 31.18 | 6.45 | 27.96 | — | — | 3.9 | −2.1 | −1.1 | 1.2 | −2.8 | 3.8 | 2.6 | −2.3 | | MML6 | — | — | 0.00 | 6.45 | 6.45 | 17.20 | 6.45 | 31.18 | 2.15 | 30.11 | — | — | 0.0 | 2.0 | 7.1 | −5.0 | 1.6 | −1.4 | −3.3 | 5.3 | | MML7 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 5.38 | 5.38 | 18.28 | 1.08 | 30.11 | 7.53 | 30.11 | 2.4 | −1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.1 | −3.2 | −2.9 | 7.2 | 4.0 | −3.4 | | MML8 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 6.45 | 2.15 | 11.83 | 5.38 | 29.03 | 6.45 | 36.56 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.4 | −0.4 | −0.0 | 0.0 | | Minimal visual interaction | MVI1 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 1.08 | 9.68 | 2.15 | 15.05 | 9.68 | 23.66 | 2.15 | 34.41 | 0.0 | 0.7 | −0.8 | 1.0 | −0.7 | 0.8 | 11.8 | −7.9 | −3.8 | 6.6 | | MVI2 | — | — | 1.08 | 5.38 | 3.23 | 21.51 | 8.60 | 37.63 | 2.15 | 20.43 | — | — | 0.2 | −0.2 | −0.9 | 0.9 | 3.4 | −3.0 | −1.8 | 2.4 | | MVI3 | — | — | 3.23 | 12.90 | 4.30 | 17.20 | 3.23 | 33.33 | 4.30 | 21.51 | — | — | 1.7 | −1.4 | 2.3 | −1.9 | −3.2 | 4.4 | 0.8 | −0.8 | | MVI4 | — | — | 0.00 | 3.23 | 4.30 | 31.18 | 8.60 | 30.11 | 2.15 | 20.43 | — | — | 0.0 | 1.0 | −1.7 | 2.0 | 6.2 | −4.9 | −1.8 | 2.4 | | MPI | MPI1 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 4.30 | 8.60 | 5.38 | 23.66 | 4.30 | 25.81 | 1.08 | 25.81 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 6.4 | −3.9 | 2.1 | −1.8 | −0.4 | 0.4 | −2.7 | 5.9 | | MPI2 | 0.00 | 7.53 | 1.08 | 11.83 | 4.30 | 25.81 | 7.53 | 19.35 | 2.15 | 20.43 | 0.0 | 2.3 | −1.2 | 1.7 | −0.4 | 0.4 | 8.7 | −6.0 | −1.8 | 2.4 | | User satisfaction | US1 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 6.45 | 5.38 | 21.51 | 5.38 | 35.48 | 2.15 | 21.51 | 3.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | −2.4 | −1.3 | 1.5 | −2.0 | 2.7 | | US2 | — | — | 2.15 | 4.30 | 3.23 | 21.51 | 5.38 | 26.88 | 4.30 | 32.26 | — | — | 3.2 | −1.9 | −0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | −1.0 | −2.0 | 2.3 | | US3 | — | — | 0.00 | 25.81 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 6.45 | 16.13 | 4.30 | 38.71 | — | — | 0.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | −2.2 | −0.6 | 0.6 | −0.4 | 0.4 | | US4 | − | − | 1.08 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 17.20 | 3.23 | 27.96 | 7.53 | 38.71 | − | − | 2.4 | −1.1 | 0.3 | −0.3 | −2.3 | 2.8 | 1.1 | −1.0 | | US5 | — | — | 2.15 | 3.23 | 1.08 | 10.75 | 4.30 | 30.11 | 7.53 | 40.86 | — | — | 3.9 | −2.1 | −1.0 | 1.4 | −1.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | −0.5 |
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, , and refer to significance level of likelihood Chi-squared test statistic at 10%, 5%, and 1%. |
