Research Article
Detection of Touchscreen-Based Urdu Braille Characters Using Machine Learning Techniques
Table 1
Decision Tree classifier results for Grade 1 Urdu alphabets.
| Serial # | Urdu characters | English equivalent | TPR (%) | TNR (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | FPR (%) | Total accuracy (%) | AUC |
| 1 | ﺍ | Alif | 100.0 | 99.90 | 96.00 | 100.0 | 0.10 | 99.90 | 0.9995 | 2 | ﺏ | Bay | 100.0 | 99.90 | 95.24 | 100.0 | 0.10 | 99.90 | 0.9995 | 3 | پ | Pay | 100.0 | 99.64 | 84.09 | 100.0 | 0.36 | 99.64 | 0.9982 | 4 | ﺖ | Tay | 100.0 | 99.58 | 82.61 | 100.0 | 0.42 | 99.59 | 0.9979 | 5 | ٹ | Ttay | 100.0 | 99.06 | 67.86 | 100.0 | 0.94 | 99.08 | 0.9953 | 6 | ﺙ | Ssay | 100.0 | 99.95 | 97.50 | 100.0 | 0.05 | 99.95 | 0.9997 | 7 | ﺝ | Jeem | 100.0 | 99.12 | 63.04 | 100.0 | 0.88 | 99.13 | 0.9956 | 8 | چ | Chay | 97.78 | 99.90 | 95.65 | 99.95 | 0.10 | 99.85 | 0.9884 | 9 | ﺡ | Hay | 98.33 | 99.95 | 98.33 | 99.95 | 0.05 | 99.90 | 0.9914 | 10 | ﺥ | Khay | 97.96 | 99.95 | 97.96 | 99.95 | 0.05 | 99.90 | 0.9895 | 11 | ﺪ | Dal | 93.48 | 99.69 | 87.76 | 99.84 | 0.31 | 99.54 | 0.9658 | 12 | ڈ | Daal | 93.55 | 99.64 | 80.56 | 99.90 | 0.36 | 99.54 | 0.9659 | 13 | ﺫ | Zaal | 100.0 | 97.74 | 29.03 | 100.0 | 2.26 | 97.76 | 0.9887 | 14 | ﺮ | Ray | 100.0 | 99.84 | 94.00 | 100.0 | 0.16 | 99.85 | 0.9992 | 15 | ڑ | Rray | 90.00 | 99.90 | 81.82 | 99.95 | 0.10 | 99.85 | 0.9495 | 16 | ﺰ | Zay | 95.56 | 99.48 | 81.13 | 99.90 | 0.52 | 99.39 | 0.9752 | 17 | ژ | Yeh | 26.79 | 99.79 | 78.95 | 97.89 | 0.21 | 97.71 | 0.6329 | 18 | ﺲ | Seen | 97.96 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.95 | 0.00 | 99.95 | 0.9898 | 19 | ﺵ | Sheen | 96.23 | 99.90 | 96.23 | 99.90 | 0.10 | 99.80 | 0.9806 | 20 | ﺹ | Suad | 61.11 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.91 | 0.00 | 98.93 | 0.8056 | 21 | ﺾ | Zuad | 100.0 | 99.95 | 98.33 | 100.0 | 0.05 | 99.95 | 0.9997 | 22 | ﻃ | Toyn | 90.00 | 99.90 | 95.74 | 99.74 | 0.10 | 99.64 | 0.9495 | 23 | ﻅ | Zoyn | 90.57 | 99.95 | 97.96 | 99.74 | 0.05 | 99.69 | 0.9526 | 24 | ﻉ | Aien | 89.58 | 99.58 | 84.31 | 99.74 | 0.42 | 99.34 | 0.9458 | 25 | ﻍ | Ghaen | 93.88 | 99.79 | 92.00 | 99.84 | 0.21 | 99.64 | 0.9683 | 26 | ﻒ | Fay | 92.31 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.79 | 0.00 | 99.80 | 0.9615 | 27 | ﻕ | Qaaf | 87.50 | 99.90 | 95.45 | 99.69 | 0.10 | 99.59 | 0.9370 | 28 | ﻙ | Kaaf | 100.0 | 99.90 | 96.49 | 100.0 | 0.10 | 99.90 | 0.9995 | 29 | گ | Gaaf | 94.74 | 99.90 | 96.43 | 99.84 | 0.10 | 99.75 | 0.9732 | 30 | ﻞ | Laam | 83.02 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.53 | 0.00 | 99.54 | 0.9151 | 31 | ﻡ | Meem | 62.50 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.85 | 0.00 | 99.85 | 0.8125 | 32 | ﻥ | Noon | 84.21 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.69 | 0.00 | 99.69 | 0.9211 | 33 | ں | Noon Gunnah | 84.00 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.58 | 0.00 | 99.59 | 0.9200 | 34 | ﻮ | Waoo | 86.21 | 99.90 | 96.15 | 99.58 | 0.10 | 99.49 | 0.9305 | 35 | ﻩ | Gol Ha | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 36 | ﻫ | Hy | 91.11 | 99.95 | 97.62 | 99.79 | 0.05 | 99.75 | 0.9553 | 37 | ء | Hamza | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 38 | ﻯ | Choti Yeh | 91.30 | 99.95 | 98.82 | 99.57 | 0.05 | 99.54 | 0.9563 | 39 | ے | Bri Yeh | 78.72 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.48 | 0.00 | 99.49 | 0.8936 |
|
|