Detection of Touchscreen-Based Urdu Braille Characters Using Machine Learning Techniques

Table 1

Decision Tree classifier results for Grade 1 Urdu alphabets.

Serial #	Urdu characters	English equivalent	TPR (%)	TNR (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	FPR (%)	Total accuracy (%)	AUC
1	ﺍ	Alif	100.0	99.90	96.00	100.0	0.10	99.90	0.9995
2	ﺏ	Bay	100.0	99.90	95.24	100.0	0.10	99.90	0.9995
3	پ	Pay	100.0	99.64	84.09	100.0	0.36	99.64	0.9982
4	ﺖ	Tay	100.0	99.58	82.61	100.0	0.42	99.59	0.9979
5	ٹ	Ttay	100.0	99.06	67.86	100.0	0.94	99.08	0.9953
6	ﺙ	Ssay	100.0	99.95	97.50	100.0	0.05	99.95	0.9997
7	ﺝ	Jeem	100.0	99.12	63.04	100.0	0.88	99.13	0.9956
8	چ	Chay	97.78	99.90	95.65	99.95	0.10	99.85	0.9884
9	ﺡ	Hay	98.33	99.95	98.33	99.95	0.05	99.90	0.9914
10	ﺥ	Khay	97.96	99.95	97.96	99.95	0.05	99.90	0.9895
11	ﺪ	Dal	93.48	99.69	87.76	99.84	0.31	99.54	0.9658
12	ڈ	Daal	93.55	99.64	80.56	99.90	0.36	99.54	0.9659
13	ﺫ	Zaal	100.0	97.74	29.03	100.0	2.26	97.76	0.9887
14	ﺮ	Ray	100.0	99.84	94.00	100.0	0.16	99.85	0.9992
15	ڑ	Rray	90.00	99.90	81.82	99.95	0.10	99.85	0.9495
16	ﺰ	Zay	95.56	99.48	81.13	99.90	0.52	99.39	0.9752
17	ژ	Yeh	26.79	99.79	78.95	97.89	0.21	97.71	0.6329
18	ﺲ	Seen	97.96	100.0	100.0	99.95	0.00	99.95	0.9898
19	ﺵ	Sheen	96.23	99.90	96.23	99.90	0.10	99.80	0.9806
20	ﺹ	Suad	61.11	100.0	100.0	98.91	0.00	98.93	0.8056
21	ﺾ	Zuad	100.0	99.95	98.33	100.0	0.05	99.95	0.9997
22	ﻃ	Toyn	90.00	99.90	95.74	99.74	0.10	99.64	0.9495
23	ﻅ	Zoyn	90.57	99.95	97.96	99.74	0.05	99.69	0.9526
24	ﻉ	Aien	89.58	99.58	84.31	99.74	0.42	99.34	0.9458
25	ﻍ	Ghaen	93.88	99.79	92.00	99.84	0.21	99.64	0.9683
26	ﻒ	Fay	92.31	100.0	100.0	99.79	0.00	99.80	0.9615
27	ﻕ	Qaaf	87.50	99.90	95.45	99.69	0.10	99.59	0.9370
28	ﻙ	Kaaf	100.0	99.90	96.49	100.0	0.10	99.90	0.9995
29	گ	Gaaf	94.74	99.90	96.43	99.84	0.10	99.75	0.9732
30	ﻞ	Laam	83.02	100.0	100.0	99.53	0.00	99.54	0.9151
31	ﻡ	Meem	62.50	100.0	100.0	99.85	0.00	99.85	0.8125
32	ﻥ	Noon	84.21	100.0	100.0	99.69	0.00	99.69	0.9211
33	ں	Noon Gunnah	84.00	100.0	100.0	99.58	0.00	99.59	0.9200
34	ﻮ	Waoo	86.21	99.90	96.15	99.58	0.10	99.49	0.9305
35	ﻩ	Gol Ha	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
36	ﻫ	Hy	91.11	99.95	97.62	99.79	0.05	99.75	0.9553
37	ء	Hamza	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
38	ﻯ	Choti Yeh	91.30	99.95	98.82	99.57	0.05	99.54	0.9563
39	ے	Bri Yeh	78.72	100.0	100.0	99.48	0.00	99.49	0.8936