Research Article
Detection of Touchscreen-Based Urdu Braille Characters Using Machine Learning Techniques
Table 2
KNN classifier results for Grade 1 Urdu alphabets.
| Serial # | Urdu characters | English equivalent | TPR (%) | TNR (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | FPR (%) | Total accuracy (%) | AUC |
| 1 | ﺍ | Alif | 100.0 | 99.32 | 80.00 | 100.0 | 0.68 | 99.34 | 0.9966 | 2 | ﺏ | Bay | 100.0 | 99.95 | 97.50 | 100.0 | 0.05 | 99.95 | 0.9997 | 3 | پ | Pay | 100.0 | 99.74 | 86.11 | 100.0 | 0.26 | 99.75 | 0.9987 | 4 | ﺖ | Tay | 100.0 | 99.84 | 93.02 | 100.0 | 0.16 | 99.85 | 0.9992 | 5 | ٹ | Ttay | 100.0 | 99.79 | 88.89 | 100.0 | 0.21 | 99.80 | 0.9990 | 6 | ﺙ | Ssay | 100.0 | 99.17 | 71.43 | 100.0 | 0.83 | 99.18 | 0.9958 | 7 | ﺝ | Jeem | 100.0 | 99.33 | 71.11 | 100.0 | 0.67 | 99.34 | 0.9966 | 8 | چ | Chay | 100.0 | 99.58 | 84.62 | 100.0 | 0.42 | 99.59 | 0.9979 | 9 | ﺡ | Hay | 96.72 | 99.63 | 89.39 | 99.89 | 0.37 | 99.54 | 0.9818 | 10 | ﺥ | Khay | 97.62 | 99.79 | 91.11 | 99.95 | 0.21 | 99.75 | 0.9871 | 11 | ﺪ | Dal | 95.45 | 99.53 | 82.35 | 99.90 | 0.47 | 99.44 | 0.9749 | 12 | ڈ | Daal | 87.50 | 99.27 | 71.43 | 99.74 | 0.73 | 99.03 | 0.9339 | 13 | ﺫ | Zaal | 100.0 | 97.93 | 43.66 | 100.0 | 2.07 | 97.96 | 0.9896 | 14 | ﺮ | Ray | 100.0 | 99.90 | 96.00 | 100.0 | 0.10 | 99.90 | 0.9995 | 15 | ڑ | Rray | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 16 | ﺰ | Zay | 83.33 | 98.75 | 59.32 | 99.63 | 1.25 | 98.42 | 0.9104 | 17 | ژ | Yeh | 48.08 | 99.53 | 73.53 | 98.60 | 0.47 | 98.17 | 0.7380 | 18 | ﺲ | Seen | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 19 | ﺵ | Sheen | 96.15 | 99.84 | 94.34 | 99.90 | 0.16 | 99.75 | 0.9800 | 20 | ﺹ | Suad | 54.24 | 99.89 | 94.12 | 98.60 | 0.11 | 98.52 | 0.7707 | 21 | ﺾ | Zuad | 98.44 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.95 | 0.00 | 99.95 | 0.9922 | 22 | ﻃ | Toyn | 90.57 | 99.95 | 97.96 | 99.74 | 0.05 | 99.69 | 0.9526 | 23 | ﻅ | Zoyn | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 24 | ﻉ | Aien | 85.42 | 99.37 | 77.36 | 99.63 | 0.63 | 99.03 | 0.9240 | 25 | ﻍ | Ghaen | 100.0 | 99.64 | 86.00 | 100.0 | 0.36 | 99.64 | 0.9982 | 26 | ﻒ | Fay | 97.67 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.95 | 0.00 | 99.95 | 0.9884 | 27 | ﻕ | Qaaf | 97.73 | 99.74 | 89.58 | 99.95 | 0.26 | 99.69 | 0.9873 | 28 | ﻙ | Kaaf | 91.67 | 99.90 | 95.65 | 99.79 | 0.10 | 99.69 | 0.9578 | 29 | گ | Gaaf | 86.89 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.58 | 0.00 | 99.59 | 0.9344 | 30 | ﻞ | Laam | 89.13 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.74 | 0.00 | 99.75 | 0.9457 | 31 | ﻡ | Meem | 42.86 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.80 | 0.00 | 99.80 | 0.7143 | 32 | ﻥ | Noon | 78.38 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.59 | 0.00 | 99.59 | 0.8919 | 33 | ں | Noon Gunnah | 74.58 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.22 | 0.00 | 99.24 | 0.8729 | 34 | ﻮ | Waoo | 89.83 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.69 | 0.00 | 99.69 | 0.9492 | 35 | ﻩ | Gol Ha | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.00 | 36 | ﻫ | Hy | 75.76 | 99.84 | 89.29 | 99.59 | 0.16 | 99.44 | 0.8780 | 37 | ء | Hamza | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 1.0000 | 38 | ﻯ | Choti Yeh | 84.38 | 99.84 | 96.43 | 99.20 | 0.16 | 99.08 | 0.9211 | 39 | ے | Bri Yeh | 75.51 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.38 | 0.00 | 99.39 | 0.8776 |
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