Detection of Touchscreen-Based Urdu Braille Characters Using Machine Learning Techniques

Table 2

KNN classifier results for Grade 1 Urdu alphabets.

Serial #	Urdu characters	English equivalent	TPR (%)	TNR (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	FPR (%)	Total accuracy (%)	AUC
1	ﺍ	Alif	100.0	99.32	80.00	100.0	0.68	99.34	0.9966
2	ﺏ	Bay	100.0	99.95	97.50	100.0	0.05	99.95	0.9997
3	پ	Pay	100.0	99.74	86.11	100.0	0.26	99.75	0.9987
4	ﺖ	Tay	100.0	99.84	93.02	100.0	0.16	99.85	0.9992
5	ٹ	Ttay	100.0	99.79	88.89	100.0	0.21	99.80	0.9990
6	ﺙ	Ssay	100.0	99.17	71.43	100.0	0.83	99.18	0.9958
7	ﺝ	Jeem	100.0	99.33	71.11	100.0	0.67	99.34	0.9966
8	چ	Chay	100.0	99.58	84.62	100.0	0.42	99.59	0.9979
9	ﺡ	Hay	96.72	99.63	89.39	99.89	0.37	99.54	0.9818
10	ﺥ	Khay	97.62	99.79	91.11	99.95	0.21	99.75	0.9871
11	ﺪ	Dal	95.45	99.53	82.35	99.90	0.47	99.44	0.9749
12	ڈ	Daal	87.50	99.27	71.43	99.74	0.73	99.03	0.9339
13	ﺫ	Zaal	100.0	97.93	43.66	100.0	2.07	97.96	0.9896
14	ﺮ	Ray	100.0	99.90	96.00	100.0	0.10	99.90	0.9995
15	ڑ	Rray	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
16	ﺰ	Zay	83.33	98.75	59.32	99.63	1.25	98.42	0.9104
17	ژ	Yeh	48.08	99.53	73.53	98.60	0.47	98.17	0.7380
18	ﺲ	Seen	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
19	ﺵ	Sheen	96.15	99.84	94.34	99.90	0.16	99.75	0.9800
20	ﺹ	Suad	54.24	99.89	94.12	98.60	0.11	98.52	0.7707
21	ﺾ	Zuad	98.44	100.0	100.0	99.95	0.00	99.95	0.9922
22	ﻃ	Toyn	90.57	99.95	97.96	99.74	0.05	99.69	0.9526
23	ﻅ	Zoyn	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
24	ﻉ	Aien	85.42	99.37	77.36	99.63	0.63	99.03	0.9240
25	ﻍ	Ghaen	100.0	99.64	86.00	100.0	0.36	99.64	0.9982
26	ﻒ	Fay	97.67	100.0	100.0	99.95	0.00	99.95	0.9884
27	ﻕ	Qaaf	97.73	99.74	89.58	99.95	0.26	99.69	0.9873
28	ﻙ	Kaaf	91.67	99.90	95.65	99.79	0.10	99.69	0.9578
29	گ	Gaaf	86.89	100.0	100.0	99.58	0.00	99.59	0.9344
30	ﻞ	Laam	89.13	100.0	100.0	99.74	0.00	99.75	0.9457
31	ﻡ	Meem	42.86	100.0	100.0	99.80	0.00	99.80	0.7143
32	ﻥ	Noon	78.38	100.0	100.0	99.59	0.00	99.59	0.8919
33	ں	Noon Gunnah	74.58	100.0	100.0	99.22	0.00	99.24	0.8729
34	ﻮ	Waoo	89.83	100.0	100.0	99.69	0.00	99.69	0.9492
35	ﻩ	Gol Ha	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.00
36	ﻫ	Hy	75.76	99.84	89.29	99.59	0.16	99.44	0.8780
37	ء	Hamza	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.00	100.0	1.0000
38	ﻯ	Choti Yeh	84.38	99.84	96.43	99.20	0.16	99.08	0.9211
39	ے	Bri Yeh	75.51	100.0	100.0	99.38	0.00	99.39	0.8776