Research Article

NNPCov19: Artificial Neural Network-Based Propaganda Identification on Social Media in COVID-19 Era

Table 1

Summary of recent work.

AuthorYearContributionResultsResearch gap

Morio et al. [29]2020The author used PoS with CNNF1: 51.55, P: 56.54, and R: 47.37More feature engineering can improve the performance.
Jurkiewicz et al. [30]2020The authors used CRFF1: 49.15, P: 59.95, and R: 41.65More data may improve performance.
Chernyavskiy et al. [31]2020The authors used embeddings with CRFF1: 49.10, P: 53.23, and R: 45.56Non-English language can be used.
Khosla et al. [32]2020The authors used Bag of Words with LSTMF1: 47.66, P: 50.97, and R: 44.76TF/IDF can be used with LSTM.
Paraschiv and Cercel [33]2020The authors used embeddings with LSTMF1: 46.6, P: 58.61, and R: 37.94More data can improve performance.
Dimov et al. [34]2020The authors used n-Grams with LSTMF1: 44.68, P: 55.62, and R: 37.34The authors have only used n-Gram feature other features may be considered in the future.
Blaschke et al. [35]2020The authors used PoS with SVMF1: 43.86, P: 42.16, and R: 45.7Different kernels of SVM can be explored in order to get more accuracy.
Verma et al. [36]2020The authors used ELMo with CNNF1: 43.60, P: 49.86, and R: 38.74More feature engineering is possible.
Singh et al. [37]2020The authors used PoS with BERTF1: 42.21, P: 46.52, and R: 38.63More data are required for BERT, and the authors only used 536 articles.
Ermurachi and Gifu [38]2020The authors used Bag of Words with MNB and with LRF1: 33.21, P: 24.49, and R: 51.57Other features like sentimental, and emphatic may improve the performance.
Dewantara et al. [39]2020The authors used embeddings with CNNF1: 23.47, P: 22.63, and R: 24.38More embeddings can be used in order to achieve better results.
Daval-Frerot and Yannick [40]2020The authors used embeddings with RFF1: 18.18, P: 34.14, and R: 12.39Bag of Words and Tf/IDF may be used with RF.