Research Article
Modelling and Forecasting Fresh Agro-Food Commodity Consumption Per Capita in Malaysia Using Machine Learning
Table 3
Projections of fresh agro-food consumption per capita (kg).
| | Agro-food | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | | -val | Trend |
| | Rice | 89.8 | 93.6 | 96.7 | 99.9 | 103.3 | 106.9 | 110.3 | 0.6 | 0.0019 | |
| | Vegetables | | Spinach | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Lady’s finger | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0000 | | | Chili | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 0.0001 | | | Long bean | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | −0.2 | 0.4391 | | | Cabbage | 7.5 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 0.5 | 0.0039 | | | Celery cabbage | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Eggplant | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.0001 | | | Cucumber | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Tomato | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | −0.3 | 0.1140 | |
| | Livestock | | Chicken and duck | 47.4 | 47.6 | 47.7 | 47.8 | 47.9 | 48.1 | 48.2 | 0.4 | 0.0217 | | | Pork | 18.0 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 16.4 | −0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Beef and buffalo meat | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Lamb | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | −0.1 | 0.6830 | | | Chicken and duck egg | 18.9 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 18.2 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 17.4 | −0.2 | 0.4170 | |
| | Fisheries | | Crab | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.8430 | | | Mackerel | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.6 | −0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Squid | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 0.0001 | | | Tuna | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Prawn | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0.3411 | |
| | Fruits | | Star fruit | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.0005 | | | Papaya | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.6 | 0.0015 | | | Jackfruit | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.0098 | | | Durian | 11.0 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 14.2 | 0.6 | 0.0019 | | | Sweet corn | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 0.7 | 0.0001 | | | Guava | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | −0.4 | 0.0301 | | | Coconut | 19.4 | 20.1 | 20.7 | 21.4 | 22.1 | 22.8 | 23.6 | 0.7 | 0.0003 | | | Mango | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.8024 | | | Mangosteen | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | −0.7 | 0.0002 | | | Pineapple | 6.9 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.2 | −0.7 | 0.0002 | | | Banana | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.8 | −0.7 | 0.0002 | | | Rambutan | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | −0.8 | 0.0001 | | | Watermelon | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | −0.4 | 0.0214 | |
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: there is a significant positive trend, : there is a significant negative trend, and : there is no significant trend. |
