Abstract
An anisotropic and nonhomogeneous compressible linear thermo-microstretch elastic cylinder is subject to zero body loads and heat supply and zero lateral specific boundary conditions. The motion is induced by a time-dependent displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and temperature variation specified pointwise over the base. Further, the motion is constrained such that the displacement, microrotation, microstretch and temperature variation and their derivatives with respect to time at points in the cylinder and at a prescribed time are given in proportion to, but not identical with, their respective initial values. Two different cases for these proportional constants are treated. It is shown that certain integrals of the solution spatially evolve with respect to the axial variable. Conditions are derived that show that the integrals exhibit alternative behavior and in particular for the semi-infinite cylinder that there is either at least exponential growth or at most exponential decay.
1. Introduction
The theory of micromorphic bodies was introduced by Eringen [1, 2] in order to adequately describe the behavior of materials that have internal structure, such as liquid crystals, blood flow, polymeric substances, and porous materials. Deformation of particles that compose the material contributes to the macroscopic behavior of the body. Eringen also developed the theory of microstretch elastic solids [3] which is a generalization of the micropolar theory [4]. The particles of the solid with microstretch can expand and contract independent of translations and the rotations which they execute. Later, Eringen developed the theory of thermo-microstretch elastic solids [5]. For this class of materials, De Cicco and Nappa [6] derived the equations of the linear theory of thermo-microstretch elastic solids with the help of an entropy production inequality proposed by Green and Laws [7]. Bofill and Quintanilla [8] studied existence and uniqueness results. In the case of semi-infinite cylinders with the boundary lateral surface at null temperature, Quintanilla [9] established a spatial decay estimate controlled by an exponential of a polynomial of second degree. The spatial and temporal behavior of thermoelastodynamic processes for microstretch continuum materials was studied by Ciarletta and Scalia [10].
The class of the nonstandard problems attracted the attention of many researchers in the last two decades: Ames, Payne, Knops, Song, Ciarletta, Chiriţă, Quintanilla, Straughan, Passarella, and others. Knops and Payne [11] studied spatial behavior for the motion of a (semi-infinite) cylinder composed of a nonhomogeneous anisotropic linear elastic material and subject to zero body force and zero lateral boundary conditions. The initial displacement and velocity are not prescribed, nor is the asymptotic behavior at large axial distance. It is prescribed a proportion between displacement and velocity at a given time and, respectively, their initial values. Similar problems were studied by Chiriţă and Ciarletta [12] for the theory of linear thermoelasticity without energy dissipation and by Bulgariu [13] for the theory of elasticity with voids.
We consider a cylinder occupied by an anisotropic nonhomogeneous compressible linear thermo-microstretch elastic material, which is subject to null supply terms and null lateral boundary conditions. The internal energy density per unit of initial volume is assumed to be positive definite, and the constitutive coefficients are assumed bounded from above. Initial data are not prescribed, neither is the asymptotic behavior at large axial distance. We establish decay and growth exponential estimates with respect to axial variable for an integral of cross-sectional energy.
The problem studied in this paper finds application in geology and structural engineering. In [11] we have the example of a pile driven into a rigid foundation that prevents movement of the lateral boundary. The time-dependent displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature prescribed over the excited end constrains the motion such that the displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature and their derivatives with respect to time at points in the cylinder and at a prescribed time are given in proportion to, but not identical with, their respective initial values. It is desired to predict the deformation at each cross-section of the pile in terms of the base displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature.
2. Notation and Basic Formulation
Consider a prismatic cylinder whose bounded uniform cross-section has piecewise continuously differentiable boundary .
The standard convention of summation over repeated suffixes is adopted, and a subscript comma denotes the spatial partial differentiation with respect to the corresponding cartesian coordinate and a superposed dot denotes differentiation with respect to time. Greek subscripts vary over , and Latin subscripts vary over . The letter is reserved for use as a time integration variable.
With respect to the chosen Cartesian coordinates, a partial volume of the cylinder will be denoted by and, for semi-infinite cylinder, it is convenient to introduce the abbreviations For the cylinder of finite length (if the cylinder is semi-finite we take ), is equivalent with , while and are equivalent for the semi-infinite cylinder. To be more explicit, we will employ the notation to indicate that respective quantities are to be evaluated at time over the cross-section whose distance from the origin is .
In this paper, we consider the theory of thermo-microstretch elastic solids. The equations of this theory are [5](i)the evolutive equations: (ii)the constitutive equations: (iii)the geometric relations In the above equations we have used the following notations: is the stress tensor, is the couple stress tensor, is the microstress vector, is the scalar microstress function, is the specific entropy, is the mass density (mass in the reference configuration), is the body force, is the body couple, is the (scalar) body load, is the heat source density, is the heat flux vector, is the microinertia tensor, is the microstretch inertia, and is the alternating symbol. The variables of this theory are as follows: the components of the displacement vector, the components of the microrotation vector, the microstretch function, and the variation of temperature from the uniform reference absolute temperature .
The constitutive coefficients and are prescribed functions of the spatial variable with the following symmetries: Moreover we have
We assume that and the constitutive coefficients are continuous and bounded fields on the closure . We also assume that the constitutive coefficients are continuous differentiable functions on and where denote the minimum eigenvalue of and are constants.
By taking into account that is a positive definite tensor, we have where and are related to the minimum and the maximum eigenvalue (conductivity moduli) for . By using the Schwarz's inequality we have
In what follows we denote with the nonstandard problem structured by equations (2.3)–(2.5) with null supply terms, supplemented by the lateral boundary conditions conditions on the base and the final values at time of the displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature and their derivatives with respect to time are proportional to their initial values, that is, where is the unit outward normal on , and are prescribed differentiable functions compatible with the initial/final data and the lateral boundary data. The constants , and are prescribed and satisfy the conditions
The initial displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature and their derivatives with respect to time at points in the cylinder are not prescribed. The conditions specified on the end for a finite cylinder, or at asymptotically large axial distance for the semi-infinite cylinder, are also not prescribed.
We will use the notations and ,, . We assume that the internal energy density per unit of volume is a positive definite quadratic form, therefore we can write where are positive constants related to the minimum and, respectively, maximum eigenvalues of the positive definite quadratic form
By dedublation of this quadratic form we have We can remark that . By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have
We introduce the following notations: , , , . If, in (2.16), we take , we obtain where
From (2.17)–(2.20), we have where , and consequently we obtain
By using relations (2.4), (2.5), and (2.17), we obtain
3. A Differential Inequality
The aim of this section is to obtain a differential inequality for an appropriate function related to the cross-sectional energy flux.
We introduce the following function: where is a positive parameter at our disposal whose values will be defined later.
By direct differentiation with respect to in (3.1) and by using the evolutive equations (2.3) with null supply terms, we obtain and by using the geometric relations (2.5), we have The divergence theorem and the lateral boundary conditions (2.11) ensure us that the final integral in the right-hand term vanishes. Using relation (2.24), we deduce
Finally, the above equation yields where Therefore, by means of relations (2.13) and (2.14), we have
We will choose the parameter so that we have assumming that ranges in the set if we suppose that conditions (2.15) hold true.
In this context, we note that in view of assumptions of the positive definitiveness of and . Therefore, we can conclude that is a nondecreasing function with respect to on .
Next, we want to obtain an appropriate estimate for the function . Using the constitutive equations, the Schwarz's inequality, the arithmetic-mean inequality, and relation (2.23), we obtain the inequality where Using Schwarz's inequality, arithmetic-mean inequality, and relations (2.10) and (3.11), we obtain the estimate Further, we equate the coefficients of all energetic terms in the last integral imposing that and hence we have where
Because we imposed (3.14), we can multiply (3.13) by and obtain and from (3.10) we obtain the first-order differential inequality
4. Spatial Behaviour of
In this section we determine the spatial evolution of the solution of the nonstandard problem by integrating (3.18). We first consider that the cylinder has a finite length (i.e., ). We have only two possibilities: (a) for all or (b) there exists so that . It is easy to see that, if , we are in the case (a).
Let us first consider the case (a). Because it is a nondecreasing function with respect to on , we have which after integration leads to the following Saint-Venant-type decay estimate: For a cylinder of finite length , we have to prescribe such boundary conditions on the end that implies , and then we will predict a spatial exponential decay as described in (4.2).
For the case (b), we have for , and hence (3.18) implies the inequality which, by integrating, yields the following growth estimate
Let us discuss further the case of a semi-infinite cylinder (i.e., the case when ).
If for all , we obtain that as , and hence relation (3.10) gives the following decay estimate for the weighted total energy: where
If there is so that , for the semi-infinite cylinder, becomes unbounded for and hence is infinite.
We have established a Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative type for the semi-infinite cylinder.
5. Further Comments
In this paper we have discussed only the case when , and . When we take the conditions and we cannot find a suitable bound because there is nonuniqueness in this case (see e.g., Quintanilla and Straughan [14] for an argument concerning this subject).
In the previous sections we have considered the nonstandard problem in which the proportionality coefficients of displacement, microrotation, microstretch, and variation of temperature with their derivatives with respect to time at the time and their respective initial values are given by (2.13) and (2.14). We consider a similar nonstandard problem given by (2.3)–(2.5) with null supply terms, and instead of conditions (2.13), we have where and can be different for , with conditions (2.14) remaining valid. The problem has the lateral boundary conditions and the conditions on the base
We are interested in what conditions we would have to take for the constants , and so that our study given in the previous sections may follow the same path.
The internal energy density per unit of volume is a positive definite quadratic form and so, for in (2.16), at the moment , we have The condition required in (5.2) that on gives us the possibility to apply the Poincaré inequality with a positive constant. Using the arithmetic-mean inequality, we can deduce
Combining relations (5.5), (5.6), and (5.4), we have Requiring that we ensured that the brackets from the right-hand terms in (5.7) are positive.
Using the inequality from (2.16), at the moment , we have
Combining relations (5.7) and (5.10), we have and so, instead of relation (3.7), in the case of the problem we obtain We choose to ensure that and so, the range from which we can take is if the conditions (2.15)1,2,3,5 hold true and
From relations (5.12) and (5.13), we obtain an inequality similar to (3.10) and so, we can continue like in Sections 3 and 4 to obtain a Saint-Venant type estimate or a Phragmén-Lindelöf-type estimate.
In conclusion, if we replace conditions (2.13) with those given in (5.1), the results obtained in Sections 3 and 4 hold true if in (2.11) we change the lateral boundary condition with for and the constants and must satisfy conditions (2.15)1,2,3,5 and (5.15).
Acknowledgment
The author acknowledges support from the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research through CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, Project PN II-RU TE code 184, no. 86/30.07.2010.