A Parameterization Technique for the Continuation Power Flow Developed from the Analysis of Power Flow Curves

Figure 1

IEEE 118-bus system: (a) P-V curves for the base case, (b) total real power losses (𝑃𝑎) as function of loading factor (𝜆) for the base case, (c) P-V curves for a contingency case (outage of transmission line between the buses 11 and 13), (d) 𝜆-𝑃𝑎 curve for a contingency case (outage of transmission line between the buses 11 and 13).