Research Article

Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Method for Failure with Smooth Fracture Energy Dissipations

Figure 1

Representation of a discontinuity in a one-dimensional finite element: (a) problem description of a one-dimensional rod and (b) representation of a discontinuity with the phantom node method; solid circles denote real nodes and hollow circles denote phantom nodes.
293861.fig.001a
(a)
293861.fig.001b
(b)