Driving Control Research for Longitudinal Dynamics of Electric Vehicles with Independently Driven Front and Rear Wheels

Table 5

Adhesion coefficients of typical surfaces.

Typical surfaces	Adhesion coefficients (𝑓𝑠𝑓𝑙,𝑓𝑠𝑓𝑟,𝑓𝑠𝑟𝑙,𝑓𝑠𝑟𝑟)
High adhesion	(0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8)
Low and uniform	(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2)
Bisectional	(0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.8)
Joint	(0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.8)