Mathematical Problems in Engineering

1. Introduction

The problems of FDEs arise in various areas of science and engineering. In particular, multiterm fractional differential equations have been used to model various types of viscoelastic damping (see, e.g., [1–13] and the references therein). In the last few decades both theory and numerical analysis of FDEs have received an increasing attention (see, e.g., [1–4, 14–17] and references therein).

Spectral methods are a class of techniques used in applied mathematics and scientific computing to numerically solve some differential equations. The main idea is to write the solution of the differential equation as a sum of certain orthogonal polynomial and then obtain the coefficients in the sum in order to satisfy the differential equation. Due to high-order accuracy, spectral methods have gained increasing popularity for several decades, particularly in the field of computational fluid dynamics (see, e.g., [18–24] and the references therein).

The usual spectral methods are only available for bounded domains for solving FDEs; see [25–28]. However, it is also interesting to consider spectral methods for FDEs on the half line. Several authors developed the generalized Laguerre spectral method for the half line for ordinary, partial, and delay differential equations; see [29–31]. Recently, Saadatmandi and Dehghan [25] have proposed an operational Legendre-tau technique for the numerical solution of multiterm FDEs. The same technique based on operational matrix of Chebyshev polynomials has been used for the same problem (see [32]). In [33], Doha et al. derived the Jacobi operational matrix of fractional derivatives which applied together with spectral tau method for numerical solution of general linear multiterm fractional differential equations. Bhrawy et al. [27] used a quadrature shifted Legendre-tau method for treating multiterm linear FDEs with variable coefficients. More recently, Bhrawy and Alofi [34] proposed the operational Chebyshev matrix of fractional integration in the Riemann-Liouville sense which was applied together with spectral tau method for solving linear FDEs.

The operational matrix of integer integration has been determined for several types of orthogonal polynomials, such as Chebyshev polynomials [35], Legendre polynomials [36], and Laguerre and Hermite [37]. Recently, Singh et al. [38] derived the Bernstein operational matrix of integration. Till now, and to the best of our knowledge, most of formulae corresponding to those mentioned previously are unknown and are traceless in the literature for fractional integration for generalized Laguerre polynomials in the Riemann-Liouville sense. This partially motivates our interest in operational matrix of fractional integration for generalized Laguerre polynomials. Another motivation is concerned with the direct solution techniques for solving the integrated forms of FDEs on the half line using generalized Laguerre tau method based on operational matrix of fractional integration in the Riemann-Liouville sense. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by test problems.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we introduce some necessary definitions. In Section 3 the generalized Laguerre operational matrix of fractional integration is derived. In Section 4 we develop the generalized Laguerre operational matrix of fractional integration for solving linear multiorder FDEs. In Section 5 the proposed method is applied to two examples.

2. Some Basic Preliminaries

The most used definition of fractional integration is due to Riemann-Liouville, which is defined as

The operator has the property:

The next equation defines the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order : where , , and is the smallest integer greater than .

If , , then

Now, let and be a weight function on in the usual sense. Define the following: equipped with the following inner product and norm:

Next, let be the generalized Laguerre polynomials of degree . We know from [39] that, for , where and . The set of generalized Laguerre polynomials is the -orthogonal system, namely, where is the Kronecher function and .

The generalized Laguerre polynomials of degree , on the interval , are given by

The special value where , will be of important use later.

A function may be expressed in terms of generalized Laguerre polynomials as

In practice, only the first terms of generalized Laguerre polynomials are considered. Then we have where the generalized Laguerre coefficient vector and the generalized Laguerre vector are given by

If we define the times repeated integration of generalized Laguerre vector by , then (cf. Paraskevopoulos [36]) where is an integer value and is the operational matrix of integration of . For more details see [36].

3. Generalized Laguerre Operational Matrix of Fractional Integration

The main objective of this section is to derive an operational matrix of fractional integration for generalized Laguerre vector.

Theorem 1. Let be the generalized Laguerre vector and , then where is the operational matrix of fractional integration of order in the Riemann-Liouville sense and is defined as follows: where

Proof. Using the analytic form of the generalized Laguerre polynomials of degree (9) and (2), then
Now, approximate by terms of generalized Laguerre series, we have where is given from (11) with ; that is,
In virtue of (18) and (19), we get where
Accordingly, (21) can be written in a vector form as follows:
Equation (23) leads to the desired result.

4. Generalized Laguerre Tau Method Based on Operational Matrix

In this section, the generalized Laguerre tau method based on operational matrix is proposed to numerically solve FDEs. In order to show the fundamental importance of generalized Laguerre operational matrix of fractional integration, we adopt it for solving the following multiorder FDE: with initial conditions where () are real constant coefficients, , , and is a given source function.

The proposed technique, based on the FDE (24), is converted to a fully integrated form via fractional integration in the Riemann-Liouville sense. Subsequently, the integrated form equations are approximated by representing them as linear combinations of generalized Laguerre polynomials. Finally, the integrated form equation is converted to an algebraic equation by introducing the operational matrix of fractional integration of the generalized Laguerre polynomials.

If we apply the Riemann-Liouville integral of order on (24), after making use of (4), we get the integrated form of (24), namely, where , , implies that where

In order to use the tau method with Laquerre operational matrix for solving the fully integrated problem (27) with initial conditions (25), we approximate and by the Laguerre polynomials: where the vector is given but is an unknown vector.

After making use of Theorem 1 (relation (15)) the Riemann-Liouville integral of orders and of the approximate solution (29) can be written as respectively, where is the operational matrix of fractional integration of order . Employing (29)-(32) the residual for (27) can be written as

As in a typical tau method, we generate linear algebraic equations by applying

Also by substituting Eqs. (11) and (29) in Eq (25), we get Equations (34) and (35) generate and set of linear equations, respectively.

These linear equations can be solved for unknown coefficients of the vector . Consequently, given in (29) can be calculated, which leads to the solution of (24) with the initial conditions (25).

5. Illustrative Examples

To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the present paper, two test examples are carried out in this section. The results obtained by the present methods reveal that the present method is very effective and convenient for linear FDEs on the half line.

Example 2. Consider the FDEwhose exact solution is given by??.

If we apply the technique described in Section 4 with , then the approximate solution can be written as

Using (34) we obtain

Now, by applying (35), we have

Finally by solving (38)–(40), we have the 3 unknown coefficients with various choices of given in Table 1. Then, we get

Table 1: , and for different values of for Example 2.

Thus we can write which is the exact solution.

Example 3. As the first example, we consider the following fractional initial value problem:whose exact solution is given by .
If we apply the technique described in Section 4 with , then the approximate solution can be written as
Using (34) we obtain
Now, applying (35) we get
By solving the linear system (45)–(49) we have the 4 unknown coefficients with various choices of in Table 2, and we get
Thereby we can write
Numerical results will not be presented since the exact solution is obtained.

Table 2: , , and for different values of for Example 3.

Example 4. Consider the following equation:whose exact solution is given by??.

Now, we can apply the technique described in Examples 2 and 3, with and , then we have Thus we can write which is the exact solution.