Bidirectional Dynamic Diversity Evolutionary Algorithm for Constrained Optimization

Table 3

Comparison of optimal results across Griewank.

Function	Times	GA	PSO	PL-DDEA	Bi-DDEA
Griewank	1	0.0024	0	0	0
	2	0.0000	0	0	0
	3	0.0076	0.0074	0	0
	4	0.0107	0.0074	0	0
	5	0.0138	0.0099	0	0
	6	0.0094	0.0074	0	0
	7	0.0099	0.0074	0	0
	8	0.0055	0.0099	0	0
	9	0.0008	0.0074	0	0
	10	0.0096	0.0074	0	0
	Mean	0.0070	0.0064	0	0