A Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Multimodal Functions and Its Application in Multicircle Detection

Figure 3

Typical results of the maximization of 𝑓₄. (a)–(j) Local and global optima located by all ten algorithms in the performance comparison.

(a)  Deterministic crowding

(b) Probabilistic crowding

(c) Sequential fitness sharing

(d) Clearing procedure

(e) CBN

(f) SCGA

(g) AEGA

(h) Clonal selction algorithm

(i) AiNet

(j) CAB