Research Article
Accurate Fault Classifier and Locator for EHV Transmission Lines Based on Artificial Neural Networks
Table 7
The effect of the fault type and the location of modular ANN-based fault locators (FL1, FL2, and FL3).
| Fault type | Fault location (Km) | Fault inception angle (°) | Fault resistance () | Output of ANN-based FL1 (Km) | Output of ANN-based FL2 (Km) | Output of ANN-based FL3 (Km) | Percentage error of ANN-based FL1 (%) | Percentage error of ANN-based FL2 (%) | Percentage error of ANN-based FL3 (%) |
| Single line to ground faults (-g) | 07 | 325 | 26 | 06.8971 | 07.1137 | 07.0196 | 0.1029 | 0.1137 | 0.0196 | 13 | 125 | 130 | 13.4461 | 12.5841 | 12.7410 | 0.4461 | 0.4159 | 0.2590 | 23 | 145 | 2.6 | 22.6988 | 23.3415 | 22.8875 | 0.3012 | 0.3415 | 0.1125 | 34 | 275 | 195 | 35.2511 | 35.1286 | 34.2173 | 1.2511 | 1.1286 | 0.2173 | 47 | 5 | 120 | 46.1081 | 47.4954 | 47.2511 | 0.8919 | 0.4954 | 0.2511 | 58 | 25 | 95 | 57.0910 | 58.3599 | 58.1271 | 0.9090 | 0.3599 | 0.1271 | 66 | 215 | 122 | 67.1241 | 66.9714 | 66.2791 | 1.1241 | 0.9714 | 0.2791 | 75 | 10 | 53 | 75.6487 | 74.4259 | 74.8118 | 0.6487 | 0.5741 | 0.1882 | 83 | 40 | 144 | 82.1475 | 81.9471 | 82.8334 | 0.8525 | 1.0529 | 0.1666 | 96 | 135 | 125 | 94.5401 | 97.0778 | 95.7126 | 1.4599 | 1.0778 | 0.2874 |
| Double line to ground faults (--g) | 09 | 25 | 10 | 10.1712 | 09.1783 | 9.0708 | 0.1712 | 0.1783 | 0.0708 | 14 | 55 | 2.6 | 13.8277 | 13.8054 | 13.9271 | 0.1723 | 0.1946 | 0.0729 | 26 | 125 | 190 | 24.9810 | 24.7138 | 25.7297 | 1.0190 | 1.2862 | 0.2703 | 38 | 225 | 70 | 38.5714 | 38.4293 | 38.1866 | 0.5714 | 0.4293 | 0.1866 | 44 | 315 | 95 | 44.9141 | 44.9785 | 44.2317 | 0.9141 | 0.9785 | 0.2317 | 52 | 360 | 55 | 52.7129 | 52.6129 | 52.1711 | 0.7129 | 0.6129 | 0.1711 | 63 | 120 | 170 | 62.1259 | 64.0709 | 62.7199 | 0.8741 | 1.0709 | 0.2801 | 78 | 90 | 99 | 78.8012 | 77.0878 | 78.1531 | 0.8012 | 0.9122 | 0.1531 | 88 | 120 | 65 | 88.1150 | 86.8019 | 87.8914 | 1.1150 | 1.1981 | 0.1086 | 92 | 75 | 120 | 92.9908 | 93.1599 | 92.1705 | 0.9908 | 1.1599 | 0.1705 |
| Line to line faults (-) | 06 | 325 | — | 06.2371 | 05.8914 | 05.9825 | 0.2371 | 0.1086 | 0.0175 | 16 | 125 | — | 16.1099 | 16.2514 | 16.0180 | 0.1099 | 0.2514 | 0.0180 | 22 | 145 | — | 22.4147 | 21.9471 | 22.3041 | 0.4147 | 0.0529 | 0.3041 | 31 | 275 | — | 31.1945 | 34.1286 | 30.9197 | 0.1945 | 0.1286 | 0.0803 | 45 | 5 | — | 45.3274 | 45.2748 | 45.0923 | 0.3274 | 0.2748 | 0.0923 | 54 | 25 | — | 54.2998 | 55.0074 | 54.1359 | 0.2998 | 1.0074 | 0.1359 | 67 | 215 | — | 67.1929 | 67.2387 | 66.8147 | 0.1929 | 0.2387 | 0.1853 | 77 | 10 | — | 77.4128 | 76.7035 | 76.8041 | 0.4128 | 0.2965 | 0.1959 | 82 | 40 | — | 82.4511 | 82.6326 | 81.9033 | 0.4511 | 0.6326 | 0.0967 | 90 | 135 | — | 90.7080 | 92.8615 | 90.2734 | 0.7080 | 0.8615 | 0.2734 |
| Three -line faults (--) | 05 | 25 | — | 05.1288 | 05.1431 | 04.9212 | 0.1288 | 0.1431 | 0.0788 | 12 | 55 | — | 12.1007 | 12.2041 | 12.0704 | 0.1007 | 0.2041 | 0.0704 | 23 | 125 | — | 23.2051 | 22.7733 | 23.1097 | 0.2051 | 0.2267 | 0.1097 | 36 | 225 | — | 35.8134 | 35.2010 | 36.0914 | 0.1866 | 0.7990 | 0.0914 | 42 | 315 | — | 42.1275 | 41.7187 | 42.0868 | 0.1275 | 0.2813 | 0.0868 | 57 | 360 | — | 57.3488 | 57.4009 | 56.8003 | 0.3488 | 0.4009 | 0.1977 | 66 | 120 | — | 66.2914 | 65.2799 | 66.1277 | 0.2914 | 0.7201 | 0.1277 | 74 | 90 | — | 73.6811 | 75.0719 | 73.8384 | 0.3189 | 1.0719 | 0.1616 | 83 | 120 | — | 82.4087 | 83.6729 | 82.7337 | 0.5913 | 0.6729 | 0.2663 | 94 | 75 | — | 95.9971 | 94.9129 | 94.2053 | 0.9971 | 0.9129 | 0.2053 |
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